PROCESS FOR THE MODIFICATION OF A GLYCOPROTEIN USING A GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE THAT IS OR IS DERIVED FROM A ß(1,4)-N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINYLTRANSFERASE

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process for the enzymatic modification of a glycoprotein. The process comprises the step of contacting a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety, in the presence of glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, with a non-natural sugar-derivative nucleotide. The non-natural sugar-derivative nucleotide is according to formula (3): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —N 3 , —C(O)R 3 , —(CH 2 ) i C≡C—R 4 , —SH, —SC(O)R 8 , —SC(O)OR 8 , —SC(S)OR 8 , —F, —Cl, —Br —I, —OS(O) 2 R 5 , terminal C 2 -C 24  alkenyl groups, C 3 -C 5  cycloalkenyl groups, C 4 -C 8  alkadienyl groups, terminal C 3 -C 24  allenyl groups and amino groups. The invention further relates to a glycoprotein obtainable by the process according to the invention, to a bioconjugate that can be obtained by conjugating the glycoprotein with a linker-conjugate, and to β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases that can be used in preparing the glycoprotein according to the invention.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/971,233, filed May 4, 2018, which application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/318,248, filed Apr. 25, 2016, which is the National Phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2016/059194, filed Apr. 25, 2016, published on Oct. 17, 2016 as WO 2016/170186 A1, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 15164864.9, filed Apr. 23, 2015. The contents of these applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-WEB and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on May 2, 2018, is named 069818-2221Sequence_Listing.txt and is 260 KB.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for the enzymatic modification of a glycoprotein. More in particular, the invention relates to a process for the modification of a glycoprotein with a sugar-derivative nucleotide, using a glycosyltransferase enzyme that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. The invention also relates to a glycoprotein obtainable by the process, to a bioconjugate that can be obtained by conjugating the glycoprotein with a linker-conjugate, and to β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases that can be used in preparing the glycoprotein according to the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Glycosyltransferases constitute a superfamily of enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates present on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The fundamental role of a glycosyltransferase is to transfer the glycosyl moiety of a nucleotide derivative to a specific sugar acceptor. β-1,4-Galactosyltransferases (β4GalTs) (EC 2.4.1.38) constitute one of the subfamilies of glycosyltransferase superfamily—comprising at least seven members Gal-T1 to Gal-T7- which catalyze the transfer of galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to different sugar acceptors. A common motif resulting from a galactose transferase onto a terminal GlcNAc residue is the lactosamine sequence Galβ4GlcNAc-R (LacNAc or LN), which is subsequently modified in a variety of ways by the additions of other sugars and sulfate groups. The most common and important sugar structure of membrane glycoconjugates is poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LN), which linked to proteins (or lipids), plays an important role in cellular communication, adhesion, and signalling and are key molecules in regulation of immune responses.

Another common terminal motif found in vertebrate and invertebrate glycoconjugates is the GalNAcβ4GlcNAc-R (LacdiNAc or LDN) sequence. The LDN motif occurs in mammalian pituitary glycoprotein hormones, where the terminal GalNAc residues are 4-O-sulfated and function as recognition markers for clearance by the endothelial cell Man/S4GGnM receptor. However, non-pituitary mammalian glycoproteins also contain LDN determinants. In addition, LDN and modifications of LDN sequences are common antigenic determinants in many parasitic nematodes and trematodes. The biosynthesis of LDN involves the transfer of GalNAc to a terminal GlcNAc, a process executed by highly specific GalNAc-transferases. For example it was reported by Miller et al. in J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, p. 1985, incorporated by reference, that two closely related β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4, are thought to account for the protein-specific addition of β1,4-linked GalNAc to Asn-linked oligosaccharides on a number of glycoproteins including the glycoprotein luteinizing hormone (LH) and carbonic anhydrase-6 (CA6).

β-(1,4)-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (β-(1,4)-GalNAcTs) have been identified in a range of organisms, including humans, Caenorhabditis elegans (Kawar et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 34924, incorporated by reference), Drosophila melanogaster (Hoskins et al. Science 2007, 316, 1625, incorporated by reference) and Trichoplusia ni (Vadaie et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 33501, incorporated by reference).

Finally, besides GalTs and GalNAcTs involved in N-glycoprotein modification, a non-related class of enzymes called UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (also referred to as ppGalNAcTs) is responsible for the biosynthesis of mucin-type linkages (GalNAc-α-1-O-Ser/Thr). These enzymes transfer GalNAc from the sugar donor UDP-GalNAc to serine and threonine residues, forming an alpha anomeric linkage typical in O-glycoproteins. Despite the seeming simplicity of ppGalNAcTs catalytic function, it is estimated on the basis of in silico analysis that there are 24 unique ppGalNAcTs human genes alone. Because O-linked glycosylation proceeds step-wise, addition of GalNAc to serine or threonine represents the first committed step in mucin biosynthesis. Despite this seeming simplicity, multiple ppGalNAcTs family members appear to be necessary to fully glycosylate their protein substrates.

It has been shown that galactosyltransferases are able to transfer, besides the natural substrate UDP-Gal, a range of unnatural galactose derivatives to an acceptor GlcNAc substrate. For example, Elling et al. in ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 884, incorporated by reference, showed that terminal GlcNAc-containing proteins can be biotinylated by transfer of a 6-modified galactose from an UDP-sugar under the action of a range of galactosyltransferases. Similarly, it was demonstrated by Pannecoucke et al. in Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 2294, incorporated by reference, that 6-azido-6-deoxygalactose can be transferred (to some extent) from the corresponding UDP-sugar to a small molecule GlcNAc substrate upon subjection to bovine β1,4-galactosyltransferase. The use of glycosyltransferases for modified galactose derivatives was also reported earlier in US 2008/0108557 (WO 2006/035057, Novo Nordisk A/S), where it is claimed that a wide range of galactose derivatives modified at C-6 (e.g. thiol, azide, O-propargyl, aldehyde) can be transferred to a GlcNAc substrate under the action of (bovine or human) β1,4-galactosyltransferase, using 2-10 equivalents of UDP-sugars. However, the data provided to support such claims concern only the 6-O-propargyl and 6-aldehydo variant of galactose. A range of GalNAc derivatives with a chemical handle at C2 is also claimed as substrates for glycosyltransferases but no examples were provided.

In particular the mutation of the Tyr-289 residue to Leu-289 in bovine β4Gal-T1, as reported by Ramakrishnan et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 23, 20833, incorporated by reference, creates a catalytic pocket of the enzyme that can facilitate a UDP-Gal molecule carrying a chemical handle at C2, such as 2-keto-Gal. By a two-step procedure involving first transfer of the unnatural galactose moiety followed by oxime ligation onto the C-2 handle, this mutant enzyme, β4GalT(Y289L), has been used for in vitro detection of O-GlcNAc residues on proteins or the presence of a terminal GlcNAc moiety on the cell surface glycans of normal and malignant tumor tissues.

For example Khidekel et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 16162, incorporated by reference, discloses chemoselective installation of an unnatural ketone functionality to O-GlcNAc modified proteins with β4GalT(Y289L). The ketone moiety serves as a unique marker to “tag” O-GlcNAc glycosylated proteins with biotin using oxime ligation. Once biotinylated, the glycoconjugates can be readily detected by chemiluminescence using streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP).

For example WO 2007/095506, WO 2008/029281 (both Invitrogen Corporation), WO 2014/065661 (SynAffix B.V.) and Clark et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 11576, all incorporated by reference, report a similar approach, using β4GalT(Y289L) and azidoacetyl variants of galactosamine, with similar success.

For example U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,061 (Glykos), incorporated by reference, reports a similar approach, using β4GalT(Y289L) and 2-modified sugars, with similar success.

Mutant β4GalT(Y289L) has also been applied most recently in a preparative fashion for the site-selective radiolabeling of antibodies on the heavy chain glycans, as reported by Zeglis et al. in Bioconj. Chem. 2013, 24, 1057, incorporated by reference. In particular, the incorporation of azide-modified N-acetylgalactosamine monosaccharides (GalNAz) into the glycans of the antibody allowed the controlled labeling with ⁸⁹Zr upon after click chemistry introduction of the appropriate chelator.

Ramakrishnan et al. in Biochemistry 2004, 43, 12513, incorporated by reference, describe that the double mutant β4GalT(Y289L,M344H) loses 98% of its Mn²⁺-dependent activity, but nevertheless shows 25-30% activity in the presence of Mg²⁺, including a capability to transfer C-2 modified galactose substrates. The double mutant β4GalT(Y289L,M344H) was found useful for in vitro galactosylation assays, because the typical requirement of 5-10 mM Mn²⁺ is known to have potential cytotoxic effects for the cells.

Mercer et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 2013, 24, 144, incorporated by reference, describe that a double mutant Y289L-M344H-β4Gal-T1 enzyme transfers GalNAc and analogue sugars to the acceptor GlcNAc in the presence of Mg²⁺.

Attempts to employ a wild-type β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, herein also referred to as β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, for the transfer of C-2 modified GalNAc have met little success to date.

Bertozzi et al. in ACS Chem. Biol. 2009, 4, 1068, incorporated by reference herein, applied the bioorthogonal chemical reporter technique for the molecular imaging of mucin-type O-glycans in live C. elegans. Worms were treated with the azido-sugar variant of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) allowing the in vivo incorporation of this unnatural sugar. Although metabolic incorporation of GalNAz into glycoproteins was observed, both chondroitinase ABC and peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) digestion of C. elegans lysate, followed by the Staudinger ligation using a phosphine-Flag tag and subsequent probing of the glycoproteins by Western blotting utilizing an α-Flag antibody, indicated that the majority of GalNAz residues on glycoproteins were situated in other types of glycans than N-glycans. In addition, no detectable binding of azide-labeled glycoproteins to the N-glycan specific lectin concanavalin A (ConA) was observed, consistent with the hypothesis that the vast majority of labelled glycans are O-linked and not N-linked. Based on these observations, one may conclude that GalNAz does not metabolically incorporate onto N-GlcNAcylated proteins in this organism.

A similar conclusion was drawn most recently by Burnham-Marusich et al. in Plos One 2012, 7, e49020, incorporated by reference herein, where lack of signal reduction upon PNGase treatment—indicating no apparent incorporation of GalNAz in N-glycoproteins—was also observed. Burnham-Marusich et al. describe a study using the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction of a terminal alkyne-probe with an azido-labeled glycoprotein to detect metabolically labelled glycoproteins. Results indicated that the majority of the GalNAz label is incorporated into glycan classes that are insensitive to PNGase F, hence are not N-glycoproteins.

High substrate specificity of a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT for UDP-GalNAc becomes apparent from the poor recognition of UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal, for which only 0.7%, 0.2% and 1% transferase activity remains, respectively, as was reported by Kawar et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 34924, incorporated by reference.

Based on the above, it is not surprising that no in vitro method for modification of glycoproteins has been reported by means of GalNAc-transferase of an unnatural GalNAc derivative such as a 2-keto or 2-azidoacetyl derivative.

At the same time, it has been reported by Qasba et al., J. Mol. Biol. 2007, 365, 570, incorporated by reference, that substitution of the Ile or Leu active site residue in invertebrate GalNAcTs—corresponding to the Tyr-289 residue in human β4Gal-T1 ortholog enzymes—for a Tyr residue, converts the enzyme to a β(1,4)galactosyltransferase by reducing its N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity by nearly 1000-fold, while enhancing its galactosyltransferase activity by 80-fold.

Taron et al., Carbohydr. Res. 2012, 362, 62, incorporated by reference, describe the in vivo metabolic incorporation of GalNAz in GPI-anchors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for the modification of a glycoprotein, the process comprising contacting a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety, with a sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc in the presence of a glycosyltransferase, wherein:

-   -   (i) the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, a         β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase;     -   (ii) the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety is according         to formula (1) or (2):

-   -   -   wherein:         -   b is 0 or 1;         -   d is 0 or 1;         -   e is 0 or 1; and         -   G is a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched             oligosaccharide comprising 2 to 20 sugar moieties; and

    -   (iii) the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to         formula (3):

-   -   -   wherein:         -   a is 0 or 1;         -   f is 0 or 1;         -   g is 0 or 1;         -   Nuc is a nucleotide;         -   U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n) or             [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q), wherein n             is an integer in the range of 1 to 24; o is an integer in             the range of 0 to 12; p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2;             and R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting             of H, F, C, Br, I, OH and an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄             alkyl group;         -   T is a C₃-C₁₂ (hetero)arylene group, wherein the             (hetero)arylene group is optionally substituted;         -   A is selected from the group consisting of:             -   (a) —N₃             -   (b) —C(O)R³                 -   wherein R³ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl                     group;             -   (c) (hetero)cycloalkynyl group or a —(CH₂)_(i)C≡C—R⁴                 moiety                 -   wherein i is 0-10 and R⁴ is hydrogen or an                     optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group;             -   (d) —SH             -   (e) —SC(O)R⁸                 -   wherein R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₂₄                     alkyl group or phenyl group;             -   (f) —SC(V)OR⁸                 -   wherein V is O or S, and R⁸ is an, optionally                     substituted, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group or phenyl group;             -   (g) —X                 -   wherein X is selected from the group consisting of                     F, Cl, Br and I;             -   (h) —OS(O)₂R⁵                 -   wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of                     C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₆-C₂₄ aryl groups, C₇-C₂₄                     alkylaryl groups and C₇-C₂₄ arylalkyl groups, the                     alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups and                     arylalkyl groups being optionally substituted;             -   (i) R¹²                 -   wherein R¹² is selected from the group consisting                     of, optionally substituted, terminal C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl                     groups, C₃-C₅ cycloalkenyl groups and C₄-C₈                     alkadienyl groups; and             -   (j) R¹³                 -   wherein R¹³ is an optionally substituted terminal                     C₃-C₂₄ allenyl group; and             -   (k) N(R¹⁷)₂                 -   wherein R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group                     consisting of H and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups;         -   Z is CH₂, CF₂ or C(O); or Z is CHOH with the proviso that             when Z is CHOH,         -   g is 0, f is 1 and a is 0 or 1;         -   Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N(R¹⁵),             N(R¹⁵)C(O), N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵), N(R¹⁵)C(O)O,             OC(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂N(R¹⁵) and N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂O, wherein             R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of             H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups and (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a,             U, T and A are as defined above; and         -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   -   -   wherein:             -   a, f, T, A and U are as defined above;             -   h is 0 or 1; and             -   W is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NR¹⁵,                 NHS(O)₂O and NHS(O)₂NR¹⁵, wherein R¹⁵ is as defined                 above.

The invention further relates to a glycoprotein obtainable by the process according to the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D, several examples of a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety, that may be modified by the process according to the invention, are shown.

In FIG. 2 , an embodiment of the process for the modification of a glycoprotein, wherein the glycoprotein is an antibody is shown. In this embodiment a sugar-derivative Su(A)-Nuc is attached to the terminal GlcNAc-moiety of an antibody glycan under the action a glycosyltransferase, wherein the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, to form a modified antibody.

FIG. 3 shows different glycoforms of antibody glycans G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F.

FIG. 4 shows a process for providing a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (10) by treatment of a mixture of glycoforms G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F with sialidase and galactosidase, and a process for providing a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (1) by treatment of a mixture of glycoforms G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F with an endoglycosidase. Incubation of the glycoproteins comprising a glycan according to formula (10) or (1) with an azido-modified UDP-GalNAc derivative, e.g. 6-azidoGalNAc, leads to an azido-modified glycoprotein (33) or (32), respectively.

FIG. 5 shows a representative set of functional groups (A) in the modified glycoprotein according to the invention, which upon reaction with a reactive group Q¹ lead to connecting group CG and a functionalized glycoprotein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The verb “to comprise” as is used in this description and in the claims, and its conjugations, is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded.

In addition, reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the elements. The indefinite article “a” or “an” thus usually means “at least one”.

Unsubstituted alkyl groups have the general formula C_(n)H_(2n+1) and may be linear or branched. Unsubstituted alkyl groups may also contain a cyclic moiety, and thus have the concomitant general formula C_(n)H_(2n−1). Optionally, the alkyl groups are substituted by one or more substituents further specified in this document. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, t-butyl, 1-hexyl, 1-dodecyl, etc.

An aryl group comprises six to twelve carbon atoms and may include monocyclic and bicyclic structures. Optionally, the aryl group may be substituted by one or more substituents further specified in this document. Examples of aryl groups are phenyl and naphthyl.

Arylalkyl groups and alkylaryl groups comprise at least seven carbon atoms and may include monocyclic and bicyclic structures. Optionally, the arylalkyl groups and alkylaryl may be substituted by one or more substituents further specified in this document. An arylalkyl group is for example benzyl. An alkylaryl group is for example 4-t-butylphenyl.

Heteroaryl groups comprise at least two carbon atoms (i.e. at least C₂) and one or more heteroatoms N, O, P or S. A heteroaryl group may have a monocyclic or a bicyclic structure. Optionally, the heteroaryl group may be substituted by one or more substituents further specified in this document. Examples of suitable heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, quinolinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, triazolyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, thienyl, phospholyl and oxazolyl.

Heteroarylalkyl groups and alkylheteroaryl groups comprise at least three carbon atoms (i.e. at least C₃) and may include monocyclic and bicyclic structures. Optionally, the heteroaryl groups may be substituted by one or more substituents further specified in this document.

Where an aryl group is denoted as a (hetero)aryl group, the notation is meant to include an aryl group and a heteroaryl group. Similarly, an alkyl(hetero)aryl group is meant to include an alkylaryl group and a alkylheteroaryl group, and (hetero)arylalkyl is meant to include an arylalkyl group and a heteroarylalkyl group. A C₂-C₂₄ (hetero)aryl group is thus to be interpreted as including a C₂-C₂₄ heteroaryl group and a C₆-C₂₄ aryl group. Similarly, a C₃-C₂₄ alkyl(hetero)aryl group is meant to include a C₇-C₂₄ alkylaryl group and a C₃-C₂₄ alkylheteroaryl group, and a C₃-C₂₄ (hetero)arylalkyl is meant to include a C₇-C₂₄ arylalkyl group and a C₃-C₂₄ heteroarylalkyl group.

Unless stated otherwise, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkenes, alkynes, (hetero)aryl groups, (hetero)arylalkyl groups, alkyl(hetero)aryl groups, alkylene groups, alkenylene groups, cycloalkylene groups, (hetero)arylene groups, alkyl(hetero)arylene groups, (hetero)arylalkylene groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkenyloxy groups, (hetero)aryloxy groups, alkynyloxy groups and cycloalkyloxy groups may be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl groups, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl groups, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl groups, C₈-C₁₂ cycloalkynyl groups, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy groups, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy groups, halogens, amino groups, oxo and silyl groups, wherein the silyl groups can be represented by the formula (R²)₃Si—, wherein R² is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl groups, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl groups, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy groups and C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy groups, wherein the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkenyloxy groups, alkynyloxy groups and cycloalkyloxy groups are optionally substituted, the alkyl groups, the alkoxy groups, the cycloalkyl groups and the cycloalkoxy groups being optionally interrupted by one of more hetero-atoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.

An alkynyl group comprises a carbon-carbon triple bond. An unsubstituted alkynyl group comprising one triple bond has the general formula C_(n)H_(2n-3). A terminal alkynyl is an alkynyl group wherein the triple bond is located at a terminal position of a carbon chain. Optionally, the alkynyl group is substituted by one or more substituents further specified in this document, and/or interrupted by heteroatoms selected from the group of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, octynyl, etc.

A cycloalkynyl group is a cyclic alkynyl group. An unsubstituted cycloalkynyl group comprising one triple bond has the general formula C_(n)H_(2n-5). Optionally, a cycloalkynyl group is substituted by one or more substituents further specified in this document. An example of a cycloalkynyl group is cyclooctynyl.

A heterocycloalkynyl group is a cycloalkynyl group interrupted by heteroatoms selected from the group of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Optionally, a heterocycloalkynyl group is substituted by one or more substituents further specified in this document. An example of a heterocycloalkynyl group is azacyclooctynyl.

A (hetero)aryl group comprises an aryl group and a heteroaryl group. An alkyl(hetero)aryl group comprises an alkylaryl group and an alkylheteroaryl group. A (hetero)arylalkyl group comprises a arylalkyl group and a heteroarylalkyl groups. A (hetero)alkynyl group comprises an alkynyl group and a heteroalkynyl group. A (hetero)cycloalkynyl group comprises an cycloalkynyl group and a heterocycloalkynyl group.

A (hetero)cycloalkyne compound is herein defined as a compound comprising a (hetero)cycloalkynyl group.

Several of the compounds disclosed in this description and in the claims may be described as fused (hetero)cycloalkyne compounds, i.e. (hetero)cycloalkyne compounds wherein a second ring structure is fused, i.e. annulated, to the (hetero)cycloalkynyl group. For example in a fused (hetero)cyclooctyne compound, a cycloalkyl (e.g. a cyclopropyl) or an arene (e.g. benzene) may be annulated to the (hetero)cyclooctynyl group. The triple bond of the (hetero)cyclooctynyl group in a fused (hetero)cyclooctyne compound may be located on either one of the three possible locations, i.e. on the 2, 3 or 4 position of the cyclooctyne moiety (numbering according to “IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry”, Rule A31.2). The description of any fused (hetero)cyclooctyne compound in this description and in the claims is meant to include all three individual regioisomers of the cyclooctyne moiety.

The general term “sugar” is herein used to indicate a monosaccharide, for example glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man) and fucose (Fuc). The term “sugar derivative” is herein used to indicate a derivative of a monosaccharide sugar, i.e. a monosaccharide sugar comprising substituents and/or functional groups. Examples of a sugar derivative include amino sugars and sugar acids, e.g. glucosamine (GlcNH₂), galactosamine (GalNH₂)N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), sialic acid (Sia) which is also referred to as N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc), and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), glucuronic acid (GlcA) and iduronic acid (IdoA).

The term “nucleotide” is herein used in its normal scientific meaning. The term “nucleotide” refers to a molecule that is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one, two or three phosphate groups. Without the phosphate group, the nucleobase and sugar compose a nucleoside. A nucleotide can thus also be called a nucleoside monophosphate, a nucleoside diphosphate or a nucleoside triphosphate. The nucleobase may be adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine. Examples of a nucleotide include uridine diphosphate (UDP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), thymidine diphosphate (TDP), cytidine diphosphate (CDP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP).

The term “protein” is herein used in its normal scientific meaning. Herein, polypeptides comprising about 10 or more amino acids are considered proteins. A protein may comprise natural, but also unnatural amino acids.

The term “glycoprotein” is herein used in its normal scientific meaning and refers to a protein comprising one or more monosaccharide or oligosaccharide chains (“glycans”) covalently bonded to the protein. A glycan may be attached to a hydroxyl group on the protein (O-linked-glycan), e.g. to the hydroxyl group of serine, threonine, tyrosine, hydroxylysine or hydroxyproline, or to a nitrogen function on the protein (N-glycoprotein), e.g. asparagine or arginine, or to a carbon on the protein (C-glycoprotein), e.g. tryptophan. A glycoprotein may comprise more than one glycan, may comprise a combination of one or more monosaccharide and one or more oligosaccharide glycans, and may comprise a combination of N-linked, O-linked and C-linked glycans. It is estimated that more than 50% of all proteins have some form of glycosylation and therefore qualify as glycoprotein. Examples of glycoproteins include PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen), CAL (Candida antartica lipase), gp41, gp120, EPO (erythropoietin), antifreeze protein and antibodies.

The term “glycan” is herein used in its normal scientific meaning and refers to a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide chain that is linked to a protein. The term glycan thus refers to the carbohydrate-part of a glycoprotein. The glycan is attached to a protein via the C-1 carbon of one sugar, which may be without further substitution (monosaccharide) or may be further substituted at one or more of its hydroxyl groups (oligosaccharide). A naturally occurring glycan typically comprises 1 to about 10 saccharide moieties. However, when a longer saccharide chain is linked to a protein, said saccharide chain is herein also considered a glycan.

A glycan of a glycoprotein may be a monosaccharide. Typically, a monosaccharide glycan of a glycoprotein consists of a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), glucose (Glc), mannose (Man) or fucose (Fuc) covalently attached to the protein.

A glycan may also be an oligosaccharide. An oligosaccharide chain of a glycoprotein may be linear or branched. In an oligosaccharide, the sugar that is directly attached to the protein is called the core sugar. In an oligosaccharide, a sugar that is not directly attached to the protein and is attached to at least two other sugars is called an internal sugar. In an oligosaccharide, a sugar that is not directly attached to the protein but to a single other sugar, i.e. carrying no further sugar substituents at one or more of its other hydroxyl groups, is called the terminal sugar. For the avoidance of doubt, there may exist multiple terminal sugars in an oligosaccharide of a glycoprotein, but only one core sugar.

A glycan may be an O-linked glycan, an N-linked glycan or a C-linked glycan. In an O-linked glycan a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide glycan is bonded to an O-atom in an amino acid of the protein, typically via a hydroxyl group of serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr). In an N-linked glycan a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide glycan is bonded to the protein via an N-atom in an amino acid of the protein, typically via an amide nitrogen in the side chain of asparagine (Asn) or arginine (Arg). In a C-linked glycan a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide glycan is bonded to a C-atom in an amino acid of the protein, typically to a C-atom of tryptophan (Trp).

The end of an oligosaccharide that is directly attached to the protein is called the reducing end of a glycan. The other end of the oligosaccharide is called the non-reducing end of a glycan.

For O-linked glycans, a wide diversity of chains exist. Naturally occurring O-linked glycans typically feature a serine or threonine-linked α-O-GalNAc moiety, further substituted with another GalNAc, galactose, GlcNAc, sialic acid and/or fucose. The hydroxylated amino acid that carries the glycan substitution may be part of any amino acid sequence in the protein.

For N-linked glycans, a wide diversity of chains exist. Naturally occurring N-linked glycans typically feature an asparagine-linked β-N-GlcNAc moiety, in turn further substituted at its 4-OH with β-GlcNAc, in turn further substituted at its 4-OH with β-Man, in turn further substituted at its 3-OH and 6-OH with α-Man, leading to the glycan pentasaccharide Man₃GlcNAc₂. The core GlcNAc moiety may be further substituted at its 6-OH by α-Fuc. The pentasaccharide Man₃GlcNAc₂ is the common oligosaccharide scaffold of nearly all N-linked glycoproteins and may carry a wide variety of other substituents, including but not limited to Man, GlcNAc, Gal and sialic acid. The asparagine that is substituted with the glycan on its side-chain is typically part of the sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr, with X being any amino acid except proline and Ser/Thr being either serine or threonine.

The term “antibody” is herein used in its normal scientific meaning. An antibody is a protein generated by the immune system that is capable of recognizing and binding to a specific antigen. An antibody is an example of a glycoprotein. The term antibody herein is used in its broadest sense and specifically includes monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, dimers, multimers, multispecific antibodies (e.g. bispecific antibodies), antibody fragments, and double and single chain antibodies. The term “antibody” is herein also meant to include human antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies and antibodies specifically binding cancer antigen. The term “antibody” is meant to include whole antibodies, but also fragments of an antibody, for example an antibody Fab fragment, F(ab′)₂, Fv fragment or Fc fragment from a cleaved antibody, a scFv-Fc fragment, a minibody, a diabody or a scFv. Furthermore, the term includes genetically engineered antibodies and derivatives of an antibody. Antibodies, fragments of antibodies and genetically engineered antibodies may be obtained by methods that are known in the art. Suitable marketed antibodies include, amongst others, abciximab, rituximab, basiliximab, palivizumab, infliximab, trastuzumab, alemtuzumab, adalimumab, tositumomab-I131, cetuximab, ibrituximab tiuxetan, omalizumab, bevacizumab, natalizumab, ranibizumab, panitumumab, eculizumab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, canakinumab, catumaxomab, ustekinumab, tocilizumab, ofatumumab, denosumab, belimumab, ipilimumab and brentuximab.

Identity/Similarity

In the context of the invention, a protein or a protein fragment is represented by an amino acid sequence.

It is to be understood that each protein or protein fragment or peptide or derived peptide or polypeptide as identified herein by a given Sequence Identity Number (SEQ ID NO) is not limited to this specific sequence as disclosed. “Sequence identity” is herein defined as a relationship between two or more amino acid (polypeptide or protein) sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” also means the degree of sequence similarity between amino acid sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. Unless otherwise indicated herein, identity or similarity with a given SEQ ID NO means identity or similarity based on the full length of said sequence (i.e. over its whole length or as a whole).

Any enzyme encompassed by the invention that has less than 100% sequence identity to the specifically indicated sequence defined by its SEQ ID NO, preferably has enzyme activity that is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or preferably at least 80% or 90% or at least 100% of the enzyme activity of the enzyme having 100% identity to said sequence defined by the SEQ ID NO.

“Similarity” between two amino acid sequences is determined by comparing the amino acid sequence and its conserved amino acid substitutes of one polypeptide to the sequence of a second polypeptide. “Identity” and “similarity” can be readily calculated by known methods, including but not limited to those described in (Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heine, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J. Applied Math., 48:1073 (1988).

Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the largest match between two or more sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include e.g. the GCG program package (Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12 (1): 387 (1984)), BestFit, BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990). The BLAST X program is publicly available from NCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBI NLM NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894; Altschul, S., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990). The well-known Smith Waterman algorithm may also be used to determine identity.

Preferred parameters for polypeptide sequence comparison include the following: Algorithm: Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453 (1970); Comparison matrix: BLOSSUM62 from Hentikoff and Hentikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:10915-10919 (1992); Gap Penalty: 12; and Gap Length Penalty: 4. A program useful with these parameters is publicly available as the “Ogap” program from Genetics Computer Group, located in Madison, Wis. The aforementioned parameters are the default parameters for amino acid comparisons (along with no penalty for end gaps). Optionally, in determining the degree of amino acid similarity, the skilled person may also take into account so-called “conservative” amino acid substitutions, as will be clear to the skilled person. Conservative amino acid substitutions refer to the interchangeability of residues having similar side chains. For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine and threonine; a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains is asparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of amino acids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and a group of amino acids having sulphur-containing side chains is cysteine and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, and asparagine-glutamine. Substitutional variants of the amino acid sequence disclosed herein are those in which at least one residue in the disclosed sequences has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Preferably, the amino acid change is conservative. Preferred conservative substitutions for each of the naturally occurring amino acids are as follows: Ala to Ser; Arg to Lys; Asn to Gln or His; Asp to Glu; Cys to Ser or Ala; Gln to Asn; Glu to Asp; Gly to Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu or Val; Leu to Ile or Val; Lys to Arg; Gln or Glu; Met to Leu or Ile; Phe to Met, Leu or Tyr; Ser to Thr; Thr to Ser; Trp to Tyr or His; Tyr to Trp or Phe; and, Val to Ile or Leu.

Process for the Modification of a Glycoprotein

The present invention relates to a process for the modification of a glycoprotein, under the action of a glycosyltransferase, wherein the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, in order to obtain a modified glycoprotein. Preferably the process is an in vitro process.

In particular, the invention relates to a process for the modification of a glycoprotein, the process comprising contacting a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety, with a sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc in the presence of a glycosyltransferase, wherein:

-   -   (i) the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from a         β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase;     -   (ii) the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety is according         to formula (1) or (2):

-   -   -   wherein:         -   b is 0 or 1;         -   d is 0 or 1;         -   e is 0 or 1; and         -   G is a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched             oligosaccharide comprising 2 to 20 sugar moieties; and

    -   (iii) the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to         formula (3):

-   -   -   wherein:         -   a is 0 or 1;         -   f is 0 or 1;         -   g is 0 or 1;         -   Nuc is a nucleotide;         -   U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n) or             [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q), wherein n             is an integer in the range of 1 to 24; o is an integer in             the range of 0 to 12; p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2;             and R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting             of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH and an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄             alkyl group;         -   T is a C₃-C₁₂ (hetero)arylene group, wherein the             (hetero)arylene group is optionally substituted;         -   A is selected from the group consisting of:             -   (a) —N₃             -   (b) —C(O)R³                 -   wherein R³ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl                     group;             -   (c) (hetero)cycloalkynyl group or a —(CH₂)_(i)C≡C—R⁴                 moiety                 -   wherein i is 0-10 and R⁴ is hydrogen or an                     optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group;             -   (d) —SH             -   (e) —SC(O)R⁸                 -   wherein R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₂₄                     alkyl group or phenyl group;             -   (f) —SC(V)OR⁸                 -   wherein V is O or S, and R⁸ is an, optionally                     substituted, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group or phenyl group;             -   (g) —X                 -   wherein X is selected from the group consisting of                     F, Cl, Br and I;             -   (h) —OS(O)₂R⁵                 -   wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of                     C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₆-C₂₄ aryl groups, C₇-C₂₄                     alkylaryl groups and C₇-C₂₄ arylalkyl groups, the                     alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups and                     arylalkyl groups being optionally substituted;             -   (i) R¹²                 -   wherein R¹² is selected from the group consisting                     of, optionally substituted, terminal C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl                     groups, C₃-C₅ cycloalkenyl groups and C₄-C₈                     alkadienyl groups; and             -   (j) R¹³                 -   wherein R¹³ is an optionally substituted terminal                     C₃-C₂₄ allenyl group; and             -   (k) N(R¹⁷)₂                 -   wherein R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group                     consisting of H and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups;         -   Z is CH₂, CF₂ or C(O); or Z is CHOH with the proviso that             when Z is CHOH,         -   g is 0, f is 1 and a is 0 or 1;         -   Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N(R¹⁵),             N(R¹⁵)C(O), N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵), N(R¹⁵)C(O)O,             OC(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂N(R¹⁵) and N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂O, wherein             R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of             H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups and (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a,             U, T and A are as defined above; and         -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   -   -   wherein:             -   a, f, T, A and U are as defined above;             -   h is 0 or 1; and             -   W is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NR¹⁵,                 NHS(O)₂O and NHS(O)₂NR¹⁵, wherein R¹⁵ is as defined                 above.

In one embodiment, A in Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3) is selected from the group consisting of options (a) to (j) as defined above. In another embodiment, A in Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3) is selected from the group consisting of options (a) to (d) and (g) to (k) as defined above, more preferably from the group consisting of options (a) to (d) and (g) to (j).

As described above, the process according to the invention for the modification of a glycoprotein provides a modified glycoprotein. A modified glycoprotein is herein defined as a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (4) or (5):

wherein: b, d, e and G are as defined above; and Su(A) is a sugar-derivative according to formula (6):

wherein: R¹⁴, Z, Y, U, T, A, g, f and a are as defined above.

In the modified glycoprotein glycan according to formula (4) and (5), C1 of sugar-derivative Su(A) is connected to C4 of the GlcNAc moiety via a β-1,4-O-glycosidic bond.

The process for the modification of a glycoprotein may further comprise the step of providing a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety. The invention therefore also relates to a process for the modification of a glycoprotein comprising the steps of:

-   -   (1) providing a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a         terminal GlcNAc moiety, wherein the glycan comprising a terminal         GlcNAc-moiety is according to formula (1) or (2) as defined         above; and     -   (2) contacting said glycoprotein with a sugar-derivative         nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc, in the presence of, more particular under         the action of, a glycosyltransferase, wherein the         glycosyltransferase is or is derived from a         β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, and wherein Su(A)-Nuc         is according to formula (3) as defined above.

The glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety, the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc and the modified glycoprotein, and preferred embodiments thereof, are described in more detail below.

The glycosyltransferase that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase is described in more detail below.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase is or is derived from a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 71, 72 and 73. This embodiment is particularly preferred when R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A or —N₃.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase is or is derived from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 and 74. This embodiment is particularly preferred when R¹⁴ is —OH.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the 3-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase has at least 50% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 71, 72 and 73. In this embodiment it is further preferred that the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase has at least 55% sequence identity, preferably at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 71, 72 and 73. These embodiments are particularly preferred when R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A or —N₃.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase has at least 50% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 and 74. In this embodiment it is further preferred that the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase has at least 55% sequence identity, preferably at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 and 74. These embodiments are particularly preferred when R¹⁴ is —OH.

Glycoprotein

The glycoprotein to be modified in the process according to the invention comprises a glycan, said glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety, i.e. a GlcNAc moiety that is present at the non-reducing end of the glycan. Said glycan comprises one or more saccharide moieties, and may be linear or branched. The glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety is according to formula (1) or (2):

wherein: b is 0 or 1; d is 0 or 1; e is 0 or 1; and G is a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched oligosaccharide comprising 2 to 20 sugar moieties.

The glycoprotein to be modified may comprise more than one glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety. When this is the case, the two or more glycans may differ from each other. The glycoprotein may also comprise one or more additional glycans that do not comprise a terminal GlcNAc moiety.

The core-GlcNAc moiety, i.e. the GlcNAc moiety that is attached to the protein, is optionally fucosylated (b is 0 or 1). When a core-GlcNAc moiety is fucosylated, fucose is most commonly linked α-1,6 to C6 of said GlcNAc-moiety.

It should be noted that the GlcNAc moiety of a glycan according to formula (1) wherein b is 1, i.e. the GlcNAc moiety in a glycan consisting of a fucosylated GlcNAc, is herein also considered a terminal GlcNAc moiety.

In one embodiment, the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety consists of one GlcNAc moiety, and the glycan is a glycan according to formula (1) wherein b is 0. In another embodiment, said glycan consists of a fucosylated GlcNAc moiety, and the glycan is a glycan according to formula (1) wherein b is 1.

In another embodiment, said glycan is a glycan according to formula (2), wherein the core-GlcNAc, if present, is optionally fucosylated (b is 0 or 1). In a glycan according to formula (2), G represents a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched oligosaccharide comprising 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 10, even more preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, and most preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 sugar moieties. When G is a branched oligosaccharide, G may comprise one or more terminal GlcNAc-moieties. A glycan according to formula (2) may thus comprise more than one terminal GlcNAc moieties. In glycan (2) it is preferred that when d is 0 then e is 1, and when e is 0 then d is 1. More preferably, in glycan (2) d is 1, and even more preferably d is 1 and e is 1.

Sugar moieties that may be present in a glycan are known to a person skilled in the art, and include e.g. glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), fucose (Fuc), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) or sialic acid and xylose (Xyl).

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is according to formula (1), as defined above. In another preferred embodiment, the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is according to formula (2). It is further preferred that the glycan is an N-linked glycan. When the glycan is an N-linked glycan according to formula (2), it is preferred that d is 1.

When the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is according to formula (2), it is further preferred that the glycan according to formula (2) is a glycan according to formula (9), (10), (11), (12), (13) or (14):

wherein b is 0 or 1.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is a glycan according to formula (1), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13) or (14), more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (1), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13) or (14). In a further preferred embodiment, the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is a glycan according to formula (1), (9), (10) or (11), more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (1), (9), (10) or (11). Most preferably the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety is a glycan according to formula (1) or (10), more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (1).

The glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is preferably according to formula (7), (8) or (8b):

wherein: b, d, e and G, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above; y is independently an integer in the range of 1 to 24; and Pr is a protein.

The glycoprotein to be modified in the process according to the invention comprises one or more glycans comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety (y is 1 to 24). Preferably y is an integer in the range of 1 to 12, more preferably an integer in the range of 1 to 10. More preferably, y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, and yet more preferably y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. Even more preferably, y is 1, 2, 3 or 4. When the glycoprotein to be modified comprises more than one glycan (y is 2 or more), the glycans may differ from each other. As was described above, the glycoprotein may further comprise one or more glycans not having a terminal GlcNAc moiety.

When the glycoprotein to be modified in the process according to the invention is according to formula (7), (8) or (8b), it is also preferred that the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (1), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13) or (14) as described above, more preferably a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (1), (9), (10) or (11) and even more preferably according to formula (1) or (10). Most preferably the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is an N-linked glycan according to formula (1).

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is an antibody, more preferably an antibody according to formula (7), (8) or (8b), wherein the protein (Pr) is an antibody (Ab). Also when the glycoprotein to be modified is an antibody and the antibody comprises more than one glycan (y is 2 or more), the glycans may differ from each other. The antibody may further comprise one or more glycans not having a terminal GlcNAc-moiety. Also when the glycoprotein to be modified is an antibody, it is preferred that the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is a glycan according to formula (1), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13) or (14) as defined above, more preferably according to formula (1), (9), (10) or (11), even more preferably according to formula (1) or (10). In this embodiment it is further preferred that the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is an N-linked glycan according to formula (1), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13) or (14), more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (1), (9), (10) or (11), and most preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (1) or (10).

When the glycoprotein to be modified is an antibody, it is preferred that y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, more preferably y is 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8, even more preferably y is 1, 2 or 4, and most preferably y is 1 or 2.

As was defined above, said antibody may be a whole antibody, but also an antibody fragment. When the antibody is a whole antibody, said antibody preferably comprises one or more, more preferably one, terminal non-reducing GlcNAc glycan on each heavy chain. Said whole antibody thus preferably comprises 2 or more, preferably 2, 4, 6 or 8 of said glycans, more preferably 2 or 4, and most preferably 2 glycans. In other words, when said antibody is a whole antibody, y is preferably 2, 4, 6 or 8, more preferably y is 2 or 4, and most preferably y is 2. When the antibody is an antibody fragment, it is preferred that y is 1, 2, 3 or 4, and more preferably y is 1 or 2.

In a preferred embodiment, said antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Preferably, said antibody is selected from the group consisting of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM antibodies. More preferably, said antibody is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 antibody, and most preferably said antibody is an IgG1 antibody.

In the process according to the invention, a glycoprotein mixture comprising fucosylated as well as non-fucosylated glycans may be used as the starting glycoprotein. Said mixture may e.g. comprise glycoproteins comprising one or more fucosylated (b is 1) glycans (1) and/or (2) and/or one or more non-fucosylated (b is 0) glycans (1) and/or (2). Removal of fucose from a fucosylated glycan prior to the process according to the invention is therefore not necessary, but optional.

A glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is herein also referred to as a “terminal non-reducing GlcNAc protein”, and a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is herein also referred to as a “terminal non-reducing GlcNAc glycan”. It should be noted that the term “terminal non-reducing GlcNAc protein” includes a protein of formula (7) wherein b is 1, and that the term “terminal non-reducing GlcNAc glycan” includes a glycan of formula (1) wherein b is 1.

The terminal non-reducing GlcNAc protein may comprise one or more linear and/or one or more branched terminal non-reducing GlcNAc glycans. A glycan is bonded to the protein via C1 of the glycan core-sugar moiety, and said core-sugar moiety preferably is a core-GlcNAc moiety. Consequently, when the terminal non-reducing GlcNAc-glycan bonded to the protein is a glycan according to formula (2), it is preferred that d is 1. More preferably, when the glycan is according to formula (2), d is 1 and e is 1.

In a preferred embodiment, C1 of the core-sugar moiety of the terminal non-reducing GlcNAc glycan is bonded to the protein via an N-glycosidic bond to a nitrogen atom in an amino acid residue in said protein, more preferably to the nitrogen atom in the side chain of an asparagine (Asn) or an arginine (Arg) amino acid. However, C1 of the core-sugar moiety of the non-reducing GlcNAc glycan may also be bonded to the protein via an O-glycosidic bond to an oxygen atom in an amino acid residue in said protein, more preferably to an oxygen atom in the side chain of a serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) amino acid. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the core-sugar moiety of said glycan is a GlcNAc moiety or a GalNAc moiety, preferably a GlcNAc moiety. C1 of the core-sugar moiety of the non-reducing GlcNAc glycan may also be bonded to the protein via a C-glycosidic bond to a carbon atom on the protein, e.g. to tryptophan (Trp). As described above, a glycoprotein may comprise more than one glycan, and may comprise a combination of N-linked, O-linked and/or C-linked glycans.

The terminal non-reducing GlcNAc glycan may be present at a native glycosylation site of a protein, but may also be introduced on a different site of a protein.

When the glycoprotein is an antibody, it is preferred that the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is attached to the conserved N-glycosylation site in the Fc-fragment at asparagine in the region 290-305, typically at N297.

Several examples of a terminal non-reducing GlcNAc protein that may be modified in the process according to the invention are shown in FIGS. 1A-1D. FIG. 1A shows a glycoprotein comprising a single, optionally fucosylated, GlcNAc moiety. This GlcNAc glycan may for example be linked to the protein via an N-glycosidic or an O-glycosidic bond. The glycoprotein in FIG. 1A may for example be obtained by regular expression followed by trimming with an endoglycosidase or a combination of endoglycosidases. FIG. 1B shows a glycoprotein comprising a branched oligosaccharide glycan wherein one of the branches comprises a terminal GlcNAc moiety (this glycan is also referred to as GnM₅). The core-GlcNAc moiety may optionally be fucosylated. The glycoprotein in FIG. 1B may for example be obtained by expression of a glycoprotein in a mammalian system in the presence of swainsonine or by expression in an engineered host organism, e.g. Lec1 CHO or Pichia. FIG. 1C shows an antibody comprising a single, optionally fucosylated, GlcNAc moiety. This GlcNAc glycan is preferably linked to the antibody via an N-glycosidic bond. The glycoprotein in FIG. 1C may for example be obtained by regular expression followed by trimming with an endoglycosidase or a combination of endoglycosidases. FIG. 1D shows an antibody comprising a branched oligosaccharide glycan, wherein the core-GlcNAc moiety is optionally fucosylated and wherein all branches comprise a terminal GlcNAc moiety. The glycoprotein in FIG. 1D may for example be obtained by trimming of the regular mixture of antibody glycoforms (G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F) upon combined action of sialidase and galactosidase.

In FIG. 2 an embodiment of the process for the modification of a glycoprotein, wherein the glycoprotein is an antibody, is shown. In this embodiment a sugar-derivative Su(A) is transferred from Su(A)-Nuc to a terminal GlcNAc moiety of an antibody glycan, under the action of a glycosyltransferase that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, to form a modified antibody.

As was described above, the process according to the invention for the modification of a glycoprotein may further comprise the step of providing a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety, and the invention therefore also relates to a process for the modification of a glycoprotein comprising the steps of:

-   -   (1) providing a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a         terminal GlcNAc moiety, wherein the glycan comprising a terminal         GlcNAc moiety is according to formula (1) or (2) as defined         above; and     -   (2) contacting said glycoprotein with a sugar-derivative         nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc, in the presence of, more in particular         under the action of, a glycosyltransferase, wherein the         glycosyltransferase is or is derived from a         β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, and wherein Su(A)-Nuc         is according to formula (3) as defined above.

When for example the glycoprotein to be modified in the process according to the invention comprises a glycan according to formula (1), in step (1) of the process the glycoprotein to be modified may be provided by a process comprising the step of trimming a glycoprotein comprising an oligosaccharide glycan by the action of a suitable enzyme, preferably an endoglycosidase.

In a large number of glycans, a second GlcNAc-residue is bonded to the GlcNAc-residue that is directly bonded to the glycoprotein, as is also seen in FIGS. 1B and 1C. A glycan wherein a second GlcNAc-residue is bonded to the GlcNAc-residue that is directly bonded to the glycoprotein can be trimmed in order to obtain a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (1). Trimming occurs in between said two GlcNAc-residues.

A “suitable enzyme” is defined as an enzyme for which the glycan that is to be trimmed is a substrate. The preferred type of enzyme that is to be used in step (1) of this particular embodiment of the process according to the invention depends on the specific glycan or glycans that is or are trimmed. In a preferred embodiment of this particular embodiment of the process according to the invention, the enzyme in step (1) of this particular embodiment of the process is selected from the group of endoglycosidases.

Endoglycosidases are capable of cleaving internal glycosidic linkages in glycan structures, which provides a benefit to remodeling and synthetic endeavors. For example, endoglycosidases can be employed for facile homogenization of heterogeneous glycan populations, when they cleave at predictable sites within conserved glycan regions. One of the most significant classes of endoglycosidases in this respect comprises the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.96, commonly known as Endos and ENGases), a class of hydrolytic enzymes that remove N-glycans from glycoproteins by hydrolyzing the β-1,4-glycosidic bond in the N,N′-diacetylchitobiose core (reviewed by Wong et al. Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 4259, incorporated by reference herein), leaving a single core N-linked GlcNAc residue. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases are found widely distributed through Nature with common chemoenzymatic variants including Endo D, which is specific for pauci mannose; Endo A and Endo H, which are specific for high mannose; Endo F subtypes, which range from high mannose to biantennary complex; and Endo M, which can cleave most N-glycan structures (high mannose/complex-type/hybrid-type), except fucosylated glycans, and the hydrolytic activity for the high-mannose type oligosaccharides is significantly higher than that for the complex- and hybrid-type oligosaccharides. These ENGases show specificity toward the distal N-glycan structure and not the protein displaying it, making them useful for cleaving most N-linked glycans from glycoproteins under native conditions.

Endoglycosidases F1, F2, and F3 are most suitable for deglycosylation of native proteins. The linkage specificities of endo F1, F2, and F3 suggest a general strategy for deglycosylation of proteins that may remove all classes of N-linked oligosaccharides without denaturing the protein. Biantennary and triantennary structures can be immediately removed by endoglycosidases F2 and F3, respectively. Oligo-mannose and hybrid structures can be removed by Endo F1.

Endo F3 is unique in that its cleavage is sensitive to the state of peptide linkage of the oligosaccharide, as well as the state of core fucosylation. Endoglycosidase F3 cleaves asparagine-linked biantennary and triantennary complex oligosaccharides. It will cleave non-fucosylated biantennary and triantennary structures at a slow rate, but only if peptide-linked. Core fucosylated biantennary structures are efficient substrates for Endo F3, with an activity up to 400-fold higher. There is no activity on oligomannose and hybrid molecules. See for example Tarentino et al. Glycobiology 1995, 5, 599, incorporated by reference herein.

Endo S is a secreted endoglycosidase from Streptococcus pyogenes, and also belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 18, as disclosed by Collin et al. (EMBO J. 2001, 20, 3046, incorporated by reference herein). In contrast to the ENGases mentioned above, Endo S has a more defined specificity and is specific for cleaving only the conserved N-glycan in the Fc domain of human IgGs (no other substrate has been identified to date), suggesting that a protein-protein interaction between the enzyme and IgG provides this specificity.

Endo S49, also known as Endo S2, is described in WO 2013/037824 (Genovis AB), incorporated by reference herein. Endo S49 is isolated from Streptococcus poyogenes NZ131 and is a homologue of Endo S. Endo S49 has a specific endoglycosidase activity on native IgG and cleaves a larger variety of Fc glycans than Endo S.

In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme in step (1) of this embodiment is an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. In a further preferred embodiment, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is selected from the group consisting of Endo S, Endo S49, Endo F1, Endo F2, Endo F3, Endo H, Endo M and Endo A, or a combination thereof.

When the glycan to be trimmed is a diantennary structure of the complex type, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is preferably selected from the group consisting of Endo S, Endo S49, Endo F1, Endo F2 and Endo F3, or a combination thereof.

When the glycoprotein is an antibody and the oligosaccharide to be trimmed is a diantennary structure of the complex type (i.e. according to FIG. 1C), and it is present at the IgG conserved N-glycosylation site at N297, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is preferably selected from the group consisting of Endo S, Endo S49, Endo F1, Endo F2 and Endo F3, or a combination thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of Endo S and Endo S49, or a combination thereof.

When the glycoprotein is an antibody and the glycan to be trimmed is a diantennary structure of the complex type, and it is not present at the IgG conserved N-glycosylation site at N297, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is preferably selected from the group consisting of Endo F1, Endo F2 and Endo F3, or a combination thereof.

When the glycan to be trimmed is a high mannose, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is preferably selected from the group consisting of Endo H, Endo M, Endo A and Endo F1.

Therefore, when the glycoprotein to be modified in the process according to the invention comprises a glycan according to formula (1), in step (1) of the process the glycoprotein to be modified is preferably provided by a process comprising the step of trimming a glycan of a glycoprotein comprising an oligosaccharide glycan by the action of an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, in order to provide a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (1).

In a further preferred embodiment, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is selected from the group consisting of Endo S, Endo S 49, Endo F1, Endo F2, Endo F3, Endo H, Endo M and Endo A, and any combination thereof. More preferably, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is selected from the group consisting of Endo S, Endo S 49, Endo H, Endo F1, Endo F2 and Endo F3, and any combination thereof. Even more preferably, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is Endo S or Endo S49. Most preferably, the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is a combination of Endo H and Endo S.

The process for providing a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (1) by treatment of a mixture of glycoforms G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F with an endoglycosidase is shown in FIG. 4 . FIG. 4 shows that treatment of a glycoprotein, in this case an antibody, comprising a mixture of glycoforms G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F (said glycoforms are shown in FIG. 3 ) with an endoglycosidase, followed by transfer of for example N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) from UDP-GalNAz using a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme, results in a modified antibody according to formula (32).

When for example the glycoprotein to be modified in the process according to the invention comprises a glycan according to formula (9), the glycoprotein comprising said glycan, also referred to as “GnM5”, may be provided in various ways. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the glycoprotein is provided by an expression of hybrid N-glycoprotein in the presence of swainsonine, as for example described in Kanda et al., Glycobiology 2006, 17, 104, incorporated by reference, and if necessary followed by sialidase/galactosidase treatment. An alternative approach includes the genetic engineering of a host organism. For example, Lec CHO is a knock-out CHO cel-line lacking the gene for expression of Mns-II. As a consequence, biosynthesis of the N-glycan inevitable stops at the GnM5-stage of the glycan, which can be isolated pure from the supernatant. A more extensive approach entails the engineering of host organisms not normally programmed to produce hybrid or complex N-glycans, such as yeast or insect cells. However, it has been amply demonstrated that these non-mammalian host cells (e.g. Glycoswitch™) can also be employed for the selective expression of a single glycoform of a particular N-glycoprotein, including glycans of the GnM₅-type and of the M₅-type.

Therefore, when the glycoprotein to be modified in the process according to the invention comprises a glycan according to formula (9), in step (1) of the process the glycoprotein comprising an optionally fucosylated glycan of formula (9) is preferably provided by a process comprising expression of the glycoprotein in a host organism, in the presence of swainsonine. Preferably, said host organism is a mammalian cell line, e.g. HEK293 or NS0 or a CHO-cell line. The resulting glycoproteins may be obtained as a mixture of proteins comprising a glycan of the formula (9) (also referred to as GnM5), a glycan referred to as GalGnM₅, a sialylated glycan referred to as SiaGalGnM₅ and/or a mixture thereof. The non-reducing sialic acid and/or galactose moiety, if present, may be removed by processing of the glycoprotein with sialidase (removal of the sialic acid moiety) and/or β-galactosidase (removal of galactose moiety), whereby a glycoprotein comprising a glycan of formula (9) is obtained. Preferably, treatment with sialidase and β-galactosidase occurs in a single step in (1b). In this embodiment it is further preferred that in step (1) of the process the glycoprotein to be modified is provided by a process comprising the steps of:

-   -   (1a) expression of a glycoprotein in a host organism in the         presence of swainsonine; and     -   (1b) treatment of the obtained glycoprotein with sialidase         and/or β-galactosidase in order to obtain a glycoprotein         comprising a glycan of formula (9).

When the glycoprotein to be modified in the process according to the invention comprises a glycan according to formula (10), in step (1) of the process the glycoprotein to be modified may for example be provided by a process comprising a treatment of a mixture of glycoforms G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F of the glycoprotein with sialidase and galactosidase. In FIG. 3 the glycoforms G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F of an antibody comprising a biantennary glycan are shown. FIG. 4 shows a process for providing a glycoprotein, in this case an antibody, comprising a glycan according to formula (10) by treatment of a mixture of glycoforms G0, G1, G2, G0F, G1F and G2F with sialidase and galactosidase, followed by transfer of the sugar moiety from a sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-UDP wherein A is an azido group, e.g. 6-azido-GalNAc-UDP, under the action of a glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, providing a modified antibody according to formula (33).

Sugar Derivative Nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc

In the process for the modification of a glycoprotein according to the invention, a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (1) or (2) is contacted, under the action of a glycosyltransferase that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, with a sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc. The sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3):

wherein Nuc, R¹⁴, a, f, g, U, T, A, Z, Y and are as defined above.

Nuc is herein defined as a nucleotide. Nuc is preferably selected from the group consisting of a nucleoside monophosphate and a nucleoside diphosphate, more preferably from the group consisting of uridine diphosphate (UDP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), thymidine diphosphate (TDP), cytidine diphosphate (CDP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP), more preferably from the group consisting of uridine diphosphate (UDP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and cytidine diphosphate (CDP). Most preferably, Nuc is uridine diphosphate (UDP). Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, Su(A)-Nuc (3) is Su(A)-UDP (34):

wherein R¹⁴, a, f, g, U, T, A, Z, Y and are as defined above.

In one embodiment, A is an azido group —N₃.

In another embodiment, A is a keto group —C(O)R³, wherein R³ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group, preferably an optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, and more preferably an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Even more preferably, R³ is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl, and most preferably, R³ is methyl.

In another embodiment, A is an alkynyl group. In other words, A is a functional moiety comprising a C≡C bond, preferably (hetero)cycloalkynyl group or a —(CH₂)_(i)C≡C—R⁴ moiety. In one embodiment, the alkynyl group is a (hetero)cycloalkynyl group, preferably a (hetero)cyclooctynyl group. In a preferred embodiment, the alkynyl group is —(CH₂)_(i)C≡C—R⁴, wherein i is 0-10 and R⁴ is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group, preferably hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, and more preferably hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Even more preferably, R⁴ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl and more preferably R⁴ is hydrogen or methyl. Preferably, i is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, more preferably i is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, even more preferably i is 0, 1 or 2, yet even more preferably i is 0 or 1 and most preferably i is 1. More preferably, R⁴ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl and i is 0, 1 or 2. Even more preferably R⁴ is hydrogen or methyl and i is 0, 1 or 2. In this embodiment, it is further preferred that the alkynyl group is a terminal alkynyl group, i.e. R⁴ is most preferably hydrogen. In a particularly preferred embodiment the alkynyl group is —CH₂—C≡CH or —C≡CH, most preferably —CH₂—C≡CH.

In another embodiment, A is a thiol group —SH.

In another embodiment, A is a precursor of a thiol group —SC(O)R⁸, wherein R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group or phenyl group. Preferably, R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group or phenyl group, more preferably R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₆ alkyl group or phenyl group, and even more preferably R⁸ is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl or phenyl. Even more preferably R⁸ is methyl or phenyl, and most preferably, R⁸ is methyl. In the process according to the invention for the modification of a glycoprotein, a sugar-derivative nucleotide wherein A is a precursor of a thiol group may be used. During the process, the thiol-precursor is converted to a thiol group.

In another embodiment, A is —SC(V)OR⁸, wherein V is O or S, and R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group or phenyl group. In a preferred embodiment, A is —SC(O)OR⁸. In another preferred embodiment, A is —SC(S)OR⁸. Both when A is —SC(O)OR⁸ and when A is —SC(S)OR⁸, R⁸ is preferably an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group or phenyl group, more preferably R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₆ alkyl group or phenyl group, and even more preferably R⁸ is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl or phenyl. Even more preferably R⁸ is methyl or phenyl and most preferably, R⁸ is methyl.

In another embodiment, A is a halogen X. X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, preferably from the group consisting of Cl, Br and I, more preferably from the group consisting of Cl and Br. Most preferably, X is Cl.

In another embodiment, A is a sulfonyloxy group —OS(O)₂R⁵, wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₆-C₂₄ aryl groups, C₇-C₂₄ alkylaryl groups and C₇-C₂₄ arylalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups and arylalkyl groups being optionally substituted. Preferably, R⁵ is a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aryl group, C₇-C₁₂ alkylaryl group or a C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl group. More preferably R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, a C₃ linear or branched alkyl group, a C₄ linear or branched alkyl group, a C₆-C₁₀ aryl group and a C₇ alkylaryl group. Even more preferably, R⁵ is a methyl group, an ethyl group, a phenyl group or a p-tolyl group. Most preferably the sulfonyloxy group is a mesylate group, —OS(O)₂CH₃, a benzenesulfonate group (—OS(O)₂(C₆H₅)) or a tosylate group (—OS(O)₂C₆H₄CH₃).

In another embodiment, A is R¹², wherein R¹² is selected from the group consisting of, optionally substituted, terminal C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl groups, C₃-C₅ cycloalkenyl groups and C₄-C₈ alkadienyl groups.

The term “terminal alkenyl group” herein refers to an alkenyl group wherein the carbon-carbon double bond is situated at a terminus of the alkenyl group. When R¹² is an, optionally substituted, terminal C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl group, the terminal C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl group preferably ends with a C═CH₂ moiety, more preferably a C(H)═CH₂ moiety. Preferably R¹² is an optionally substituted terminal C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl group, and more preferably an optionally substituted terminal C₂-C₆ alkenyl group. More preferably, the terminal alkenyl group is a linear alkenyl group, preferably an unsubstituted linear alkenyl group. Even more preferably R¹² is selected from the group consisting of —C(H)═CH₂, —CH₂—C(H)═CH₂, —CH₂—CH₂—C(H)═CH₂, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—C(H)═CH₂ and —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—C(H)═CH₂. Yet even more preferably R¹² is selected from the group consisting of —C(H)═CH₂, —CH₂—C(H)═CH₂ and —CH₂—CH₂—C(H)═CH₂. Yet even more preferably R¹² is —C(H)═CH₂ or —CH₂—C(H)═CH₂, and most preferably, R¹² is —C(H)═CH₂.

When R¹² is an, optionally substituted, C₃-C₅ cycloalkenyl group, R¹² preferably comprises a cyclopropenyl group. More preferably the (optionally substituted) C₃-C₅ cycloalkenyl group is selected from the group consisting of:

When R¹² is an, optionally substituted, C₄-C₈ alkadienyl group, it is preferred that the C₄-C₈ alkadienyl group ends with a C═CH₂ moiety, more preferably a C═C(H)—C(H)═CH₂ moiety. Preferably the C₄-C₈ alkadienyl group is selected from the group consisting of C(H)═C(H)—C(H)═CH₂, CH₂—C═C(H)—C(H)═CH₂ and CH₂—CH₂—C═C(H)—C(H)═CH₂, more preferably from C(H)═C(H)—C(H)═CH₂ and CH₂—C═C(H)—C(H)═CH₂. When R¹² is an optionally substituted C₄-C₈ alkadienyl group, most preferably R¹² is C(H)═C(H)—C(H)═CH₂.

In another embodiment, A is R¹³, wherein R¹³ is an optionally substituted terminal C₃-C₂₄ allenyl group. The term “terminal allenyl group” herein refers to an allenyl group wherein the C═C═C moiety is situated at a terminus of the allenyl group. The terminal C₃-C₂₄ alkenyl group preferably ends with a —C(H)═C═CH₂ moiety. Preferably R¹³ is an optionally substituted terminal C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl group, and more preferably an optionally substituted terminal C₃-C₆ alkenyl group. More preferably, the terminal allenyl group is a linear allenyl group, preferably an unsubstituted linear allenyl group. Even more preferably R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of —C(H)═C═CH₂, —CH₂—C(H)═C═CH₂, —CH₂—CH₂—C(H)═C═CH₂ and —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—C(H)═C═CH₂. Yet even more preferably R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of —C(H)═C═CH₂ and —CH₂—C(H)═C═CH₂. Most preferably, R¹³ is —C(H)═C═CH₂. When A is R¹³, it is particularly preferred that in Su(A)-Nuc (3), both U and T are absent, i.e. it is particularly preferred that a is 0 and f is 0.

In another embodiment, A is N(R¹⁷)₂, wherein R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups. Preferred alkyl groups in the context of R¹⁷ are C₁-C₆ alkyl groups, most preferably C₁-C₄ alkyl groups. Preferably, at least one of R¹⁷ is H and A is NHR¹⁷, most preferably both of R¹⁷ are H and A is NH₂. When A is N(R¹⁷)₂, it is preferred that in Su(A)-Nuc (3), Y is absent, i.e. g is 0, more preferably both U and T are also absent, i.e. it is particularly preferred that g is 0, a is 0 and f is 0.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, A in Su(A)-Nuc (3), and preferred embodiments of (3) as described in more detail below, is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. More preferably, A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably A is N₃.

In sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc (3) and preferred embodiments thereof such as e.g. (34), R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein W, h, a, f, T, A and U are as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc (3), R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein W, h, a, f, T, A and U are as defined above.

Most preferably R¹⁴ is —NHAc.

When R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, W, h, a, f, T, A and U are as defined above. Preferred embodiments of W, h, a, f, T and U are described in more detail below. Preferred embodiments of A are as described in more detail above.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ in Su(A)-Nuc (3) is —NHC(O)CH₃. In this embodiment, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3a):

wherein Nuc, Z, Y, U, T, A, g, f and a are as defined above.

Also when sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3a) or preferred embodiments thereof, it is preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Furthermore, also in Su(A)-Nuc (3a) A is preferably selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. More preferably, A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably A is N₃.

In a particular preferred embodiment, in Su(A)-Nuc (3a) Nuc is UDP and A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. Even more preferably, Nuc is UDP and A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably Nuc is UDP and A is N₃.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A. In this embodiment, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3b):

wherein Nuc, Z, Y, U, T, A, W, h, g, f and a are as defined above.

In sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc (3b), A, T, U, a and f are independently selected. In other words, A, T, U, a and f in the substituent on C2 of (3b) may differ from A, T, U, a and f in the substituent on C6 of (3b).

Also when Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3b), or preferred embodiments thereof, it is preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Furthermore, also in Su(A)-Nuc (3b) A is preferably selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. More preferably, A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably A is N₃.

In a particular preferred embodiment, in Su(A)-Nuc (3b) Nuc is UDP and A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. Even more preferably, Nuc is UDP and A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably Nuc is UDP and A is N₃.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ is —OH. In this embodiment, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is therefore according to formula (3c):

wherein Nuc, Z, Y, U, T, A, g, f and a are as defined above.

Also when sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3c) or preferred embodiments thereof, it is preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Furthermore, also in Su(A)-Nuc (3c) A is preferably selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. More preferably, A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably A is N₃.

In a particular preferred embodiment, in Su(A)-Nuc (3c) Nuc is UDP and A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. Even more preferably, Nuc is UDP and A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably Nuc is UDP and A is N₃.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ is —N₃. In this embodiment, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is therefore according to formula (3d):

wherein Nuc, Z, Y, U, T, A, g, f and a are as defined above.

Also when sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3d), or preferred embodiments thereof, it is preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Furthermore, also in Su(A)-Nuc (3d) A is preferably selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. More preferably, A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably A is N₃.

In a particular preferred embodiment, in Su(A)-Nuc (3d) Nuc is UDP and A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)R³, —SH, —(CH₂)_(i)C≡CR⁴ and R¹², wherein i, R³, R⁴, R¹², and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. Even more preferably, Nuc is UDP and A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH. Most preferably Nuc is UDP and A is N₃.

In Su(A)-Nuc (3), and preferred embodiments thereof such as e.g. (34), (3a), (3b), (3c) or (3d), T is a C₃-C₁₂ (hetero)arylene group, wherein the (hetero)arylene group is optionally substituted. In a preferred embodiment, T is absent (a is 0). In another preferred embodiment, T is present (a is 1). When a is 1, (hetero)arylene group T in (3) is substituted with A, wherein A is as defined above.

(Hetero)arylene group T is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents R², wherein R² is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, preferably —F, —Cl, —Br), —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R¹⁰)₂, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl groups, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl groups, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl groups, C₈-C₁₂ cycloalkynyl groups, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy groups, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy groups, amino groups (preferably —N(R¹⁰)₂) oxo groups and —Si(R⁷)₃ groups, wherein the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, cycloalkenyl groups, cycloalkynyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkenyloxy groups, alkynyloxy groups and cycloalkyloxy groups are optionally interrupted by one of more hetero-atoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and wherein R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl groups, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl groups, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy groups, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy groups and C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy groups wherein the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkenyloxy groups, alkynyloxy groups and cycloalkyloxy groups are optionally substituted, wherein R⁹ is a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, and wherein R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group. Preferably, R⁹ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl group, even more preferably a C₁-C₄ alkyl group, and most preferably a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or a t-butyl group. Preferably, R¹⁰ is a hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group, more preferably hydrogen or a C₁-C₄ alkyl group, and most preferably R¹⁰ is hydrogen, a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or a t-butyl group.

When R² is a —Si(R⁷)₃ group, preferably R⁷ is, independently, a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, more preferably independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl group, even more preferably independently a C₁-C₄ alkyl group, and most preferably R⁷ is, independently, a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or a t-butyl group.

Preferably, R², when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R¹⁰)₂, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy groups, amino groups (—N(R¹⁰)₂), oxo groups and —Si(R⁷)₃ groups, wherein R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰ and preferred embodiments of R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰ are as defined above.

More preferably, R², when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R¹⁰)₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl groups, C₁-C₆ alkoxy groups, amino groups, oxo groups and —Si(R⁷)₃ groups, wherein R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰ and preferred embodiments of R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰ are as defined above.

Even more preferably, R², when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)N(R¹⁰)₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl groups and C₁-C₄ alkoxy groups, wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰, and preferred embodiments of R⁹ and R¹⁰, are as defined above.

Yet even more preferably, R², when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —CN, —NO₂, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, n-propyl, n-propoxy, i-propyl, i-propoxy, n-butyl, n-butoxy, s-butyl, s-butoxy, t-butyl and t-butoxy. Most preferably, R², when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —CN, —NO₂, methyl and methoxy.

In a preferred embodiment, the (hetero)arylene group in (3) is unsubstituted. In another preferred embodiment, the (hetero)arylene group in (3) comprises one or more substituents R², wherein R² and preferred embodiments of R² are defined above.

The term “(hetero)arylene group” herein refers to arylene groups as well as to heteroarylene groups. The term “(hetero)arylene group” herein refers to monocyclic (hetero)arylene groups as well as to bicyclic (hetero)arylene groups. The (hetero)arylene group in Su(A)-Nuc (3) may be any arylene group or any heteroarylene group.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, (hetero)arylene group T in (3) is selected from the group consisting of phenylene groups, naphthylene groups, anthracylene groups, pyrrolylene groups, pyrroliumylene groups, furanylene groups, thiophenylene groups (i.e. thiofuranylene groups), pyrazolylene groups, imidazolylene groups, pyrimidiniumylene groups, imidazoliumylene groups, isoxazolylene groups, oxazolylene groups, oxazoliumylene groups, isothiazolylene groups, thiazolylene groups, 1,2,3-triazolylene groups, 1,3,4-triazolylene groups, diazolylene groups, 1-oxa-2,3-diazolylene groups, 1-oxa-2,4-diazolylene groups, 1-oxa-2,5-diazolylene groups, 1-oxa-3,4-diazolylene groups, 1-thia-2,3-diazolylene groups, 1-thia-2,4-diazolylene groups, 1-thia-2,5-diazolylene groups, 1-thia-3,4-diazolylene groups, tetrazolylene groups, pyridinylene groups, pyridazinylene groups, pyrimidinylene groups, pyrazinylene groups, pyradizinylene groups, pyridiniumylene groups, pyrimidiniumylene groups, benzofuranylene groups, benzothiophenylene groups, benzimidazolylene groups, indazolylene groups, benzotriazolylene groups, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinylene groups, pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridinylene groups, pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridinylene groups, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridinylene groups, imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinylene groups, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinylene groups, pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyridinylene groups, pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridinylene groups, pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridinylene groups, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridinylene groups, isoindolylene groups, indazolylene groups, purinylene groups, indolininylene groups, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinylene groups, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinylene groups, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinylene groups, pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazinylene groups, imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidinylene groups, quinolinylene groups, isoquinolinylene groups, cinnolinylene groups, quinazolinylene groups, quinoxalinylene groups, phthalazinylene groups, 1,6-naphthyridinylene groups, 1,7-naphthyridinylene groups, 1,8-naphthyridinylene groups, 1,5-naphthyridinylene groups, 2,6-naphthyridinylene groups, 2,7-naphthyridinylene groups, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinylene groups, pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidinylene groups, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinylene groups, pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinylene groups, pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazinylene groups, pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazinylene groups, pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidinylene groups, pyrazino[2,3-b]pyrazinylene groups and pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidinylene groups, all groups optionally substituted with one or more substituents R², wherein R² and preferred embodiments of R² are as defined above.

In a further preferred embodiment, (hetero)arylene group T is selected from the group consisting of phenylene groups, pyridinylene groups, pyridiniumylene groups, pyrimidinylene groups, pyrimidiniumylene groups, pyrazinylene groups, pyradizinylene groups, pyrrolylene groups, pyrroliumylene groups, furanylene groups, thiophenylene groups (i.e. thiofuranylene groups), diazolylene groups, quinolinylene groups, imidazolylene groups, pyrimidiniumylene groups, imidazoliumylene groups, oxazolylene groups and oxazoliumylene groups, all groups optionally substituted with one or more substituents R², wherein R² and preferred embodiments of R² are as defined above.

Even more preferably, (hetero)arylene group T is selected from the group consisting of phenylene groups, pyridinylene groups, pyridiniumylene groups, pyrimidinylene groups, pyrimidiniumylene groups, imidazolylene groups, pyrimidiniumylene groups, imidazoliumylene groups, pyrrolylene groups, furanylene groups and thiophenylene groups, all groups optionally substituted with one or more substituents R², wherein R² and preferred embodiments of R² are as defined above.

Most preferably, (hetero)aryl group T is selected from the group consisting of phenylene groups, imidazolylene groups, imidazoliumylene groups, pyrimidiniumylene groups, pyridinylene groups and pyridiniumylene groups, all groups optionally substituted with one or more substituents R², wherein R² and preferred embodiments of R² are as defined above.

In Su(A)-Nuc (3), and preferred embodiments thereof such as e.g. (34), (3a), (3b), (3c) or (3d), U may be present (f is 1) or absent (f is 0). When present, U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n) wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 24; or U is [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q), wherein o is an integer in the range of 0 to 12, p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2, and R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH and an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group. When U is [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q) it is preferred that at least one of p, o and q is not 0.

In a preferred embodiment U is absent, i.e. f is 0.

In another preferred embodiment U is present, i.e. f is 1.

When U is [C(R¹)₂]n, n is an integer in the range of 1 to 24, preferably an integer in the range of 1 to 12. More preferably n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, even more preferably n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, yet even more preferably n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, yet even more preferably n is 1, 2 or 3, and most preferably, n is 1 or 2.

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I and an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group, preferably from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I and an optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, and more preferably from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I and an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Even more preferably, R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an i-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an s-butyl group or a t-butyl group. Even more preferably, R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl and methyl, and most preferably, R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and F.

When U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n) and n is 1 or 2, preferred examples of the —[C(R¹)₂]_(n)— moiety in Su(A)-Nuc include —(CH₂)—, —(CF₂)—, —(CCl₂)—, —(CBr₂)—, —(CMe₂)-, —(CH₂CH₂)—, —(CH₂CF₂)—, —(CH₂CCl₂)—, —(CH₂CBr₂)—, —(CH₂Cl₂)—, —(CH₂CMe₂)-, —(CF₂CF₂)—, —(CCl₂CCl₂)—, —(CBr₂CBr₂)— and —(CMe₂CMe₂)-, more preferably —(CH₂)—, —(CF₂)—, —(CH₂CH₂)—, —(CH₂CF₂)— and —(CF₂CF₂)—.

When U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n) and n is 3 or more, preferred examples of the —[C(R¹)₂]_(n)— moiety in Su(A)-Nuc include —(C_(n)H_(2n))—, —(C_(n)F_(2n))—, —(C_(n)Cl_(2n))—, —(C_(n)Br_(2n))—, —(C_((n-1))H_(2(n-1))CF₂)—, —(C_((n-1))H_(2(n-1))CCl₂)—, —(C_((n-1))H_(2(n-1))CBr₂)— and —(C_((n-1))H_(2(n-1))CMe₂)-, for example —(C₃H₆)—, —(C₃F₆)—, —(C₃Cl₆)—, —(C₃Br₆)—, —(CH₂CH₂CF₂)—, —(CH₂CH₂CCl₂)—, —(CH₂CH₂CBr₂)— and —(C₄H₈)—. More preferred examples include —(C_(n)H_(2n))—, —(C_(n)F_(2n))—, e.g. —(C₃H₆)—, —(C₄H₈)—, —(C₃F₆)— and —(C₄F₈)—.

When U is [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q), o is an integer in the range of 0 to 12 and p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2. Preferably, o is an integer in the range of 1 to 10, more preferably o is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, even more preferably o is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, yet even more preferably o is 1, 2, 3 or 4, yet even more preferably o is 1, 2 or 3, yet even more preferably, o is 1 or 2 and most preferably o is 1. In another preferred embodiment, o is 0. It is particularly preferred that o is 0, 1 or 2. When o is 0, it is further preferred that when p is 0, q is 1 or 2, and that when q is 0, p is 1 or 2.

When U is [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q) and o and/or p and/or q are 1 or more, R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I and an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group, preferably from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I and an optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, and more preferably from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I and an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Even more preferably, R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an i-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an s-butyl group or a t-butyl group. Even more preferably, R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl and methyl. Most preferably, R¹ is H.

When U is [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q), preferred examples of the —[C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q)— moiety in Su(A)-Nuc include —CH₂—O—, —(CH₂)₂—O—, —O—CH₂—, —O—(CH₂)₂—, —CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—, —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—, —O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—, —O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—CH₂—, —O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—(CH₂)₂—, —CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—CH₂— and —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(o)—(CH₂)₂—, wherein o is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, preferably o is 1, 2, 3 or 4, more preferably o is 1 or 2 and most preferably o is 1.

In sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc (3), and preferred embodiments thereof such as e.g. (34), (3a), (3b), (3c) or (3d), it is preferred that a and f are not both 0. In another preferred embodiment, a is 0 and f is 1 or that a is 1 and f is 0. In these embodiments, g may be 0 or 1.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, a is 0, f is 1 and U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n). In this embodiment it is further preferred that a is 0, f is 1 and n is in the range of 1 to 12, more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, even more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, yet even more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, yet even more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and n is 1 or 2, and most preferably a is 0, f is 1 and n is 1. Preferred examples of [C(R¹)₂]_(n) are as described in more detail above.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, a is 0, f is 1 and U is [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R′)₂O]_(o)—[C(R′)₂]_(q). More preferably p, o and q are not all 0, i.e. o is an integer in the range of 1 to 12 and/or p is 1 or 2 and/or q is 1 or 2. In this embodiment it is further preferred that a is 0, f is 1 and o is in the range of 1 to 12, more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and o is in the range of 1 to 10, even more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and o is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, yet even more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and o is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, yet even more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and o is 1, 2, 3 or 4, yet even more preferably a is 0, f is 1 and o is 1 or 2, and most preferably a is 0, f is 1 and o is 1. Also in this embodiment, p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2. Preferred examples of [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R′)₂O]_(o)—[C(R′)₂]_(q) are as described in more detail above. In yet another preferred embodiment, a is 1, f is 1 and U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n). In this embodiment it is further preferred that n is in the range of 1 to 12, more preferably n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, even more preferably n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, yet even more preferably n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, yet even more preferably n is 1 or 2, and most preferably n is 1. Preferred examples of [C(R¹)₂]_(n) are as described in more detail above. In yet another preferred embodiment, a is 1, f is 1 and U is [C(R′)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q), o is an integer in the range of 1 to 12 and p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2. In this embodiment it is further preferred that o is in the range of 1 to 10, more preferably o is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, even more preferably o is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, yet even more preferably o is 1, 2, 3 or 4, yet even more preferably o is 1 or 2, and most preferably o is 1. Also in this embodiment, p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2. Preferred examples of [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q) are as described in more detail above.

As defined above, Z in Su(A)-Nuc (3), and preferred embodiments thereof such as e.g. (34), (3a), (3b), (3c) or (3d), is CH₂, CF₂ or C(O); or Z is CHOH with the proviso that g is 0, f is 1 and a is 0 or 1. In a preferred embodiment, Z is selected from the group consisting of CH₂, CF₂ and C(O). In another preferred embodiment, Z is CHOH with the proviso that g is 0, f is 1 and a is 0 or 1.

In Su(A)-Nuc (3), and preferred embodiments thereof such as e.g. (34), (3a), (3b), (3c) or (3d), Y may be absent (g is 0) or present (g is 1). When Y is present, Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N(R¹⁵), N(R¹⁵)C(O), N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵), N(R¹⁵)C(O)O, OC(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂N(R¹⁵) and N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂O, wherein R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups and (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a, U, T and A are as defined above. Preferably, Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N(R¹⁵), NHC(O), NHC(O)N(R¹⁵), NHC(O)O, OC(O) NHS(O)₂NH and NHC(O) NHS(O)₂O, wherein R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups and (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a, U, T and A are as defined above. In these embodiments it is further preferred that R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆ alkyl groups and (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a, U, T and A are as defined above. More preferably R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl and (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a, U, T and A are as defined above. Most preferably R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of H and methyl.

In a preferred embodiment, Z is CH₂ and g is 1. In this embodiment it is further preferred that Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N(R¹⁵), N(R¹⁵)C(O), N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵) and N(R¹⁵)C(O)O, more preferably from the group consisting of O, S, N(R¹⁵), NHC(O), NHC(O)N(R¹⁵) and NHC(O)O, wherein R¹⁵ and preferred embodiments of R¹⁵ are as defined above.

In another preferred embodiment Z is C(O) g is 1. In this embodiment it is further preferred that Y is N(R¹⁵), wherein R¹⁵ and preferred embodiments of R¹⁵ are as defined above.

Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (15), (16), (17) or (18):

wherein Nuc, a, f, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, A, U and T are as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of (15), (16), (17) and (18), R¹⁴ is —OH. In another preferred embodiment, R¹⁴ is —N₃. In another preferred embodiment, R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃. In another preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, wherein W, U, T, A, h, f and a are as defined above. In these embodiments it is further preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Preferred embodiments for U, T, a and f in (15), (16), (17) and (18) are as described above. Preferred embodiments for A as defined above also hold for (15), (16), (17) and (18).

In a particularly preferred embodiment of (15), (16), (17) and (18), a is 0, f is 1 and U is —CH₂CF₂—. In this embodiment it is further preferred that A is N₃.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of (15), (16), (17) and (18), a is 1 and T is preferably an, optionally substituted, phenyl group. As described above, the phenyl group is optionally substituted with R², and preferably R² is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl and Br, more preferably from the group consisting of H, F and C₁ and most preferably from the group consisting of H and F. In this embodiment, f is 0 or 1, and when f is 1, U is preferably —CH₂—. In these embodiments it is further preferred that A is N₃. Preferably A is present on the para-position of the, optionally substituted, phenyl group.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (65) or (66), preferably according to formula (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25) or (26):

wherein: R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above; and R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and F.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (67), (68) or (69):

wherein R¹⁴ is as defined above.

In a further preferred embodiment R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups, preferably from the group consisting of H and C₁-C₆ alkyl groups, more preferably from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl and t-butyl, and most preferably from the group consisting of H and methyl. In another further preferred embodiment R¹⁵ is (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a, U, T and A, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. When R¹⁵ is (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, it is preferred that the (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A group of R¹⁵ corresponds to the (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A group originating from the Z-(Y)_(g)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A moiety in Su(A)-Nuc (3). For example, when R¹⁵ in (24) is (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A it is preferred that R¹⁵ is —(C₆H₄(N₃)), with N₃ on the para position of phenyl. In these embodiments it is further preferred that Nuc is UDP.

In a preferred embodiment of (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (65), (66), (67), (68) and (69) and preferred embodiments thereof as described above, R¹⁴ is —OH. In another preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —N₃. In another preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃. In another preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, wherein W, U, T, A, h, f and a are as defined above. Also in these embodiments it is further preferred that Nuc is UDP.

In a preferred embodiment, R¹⁴ is —N₃. In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of.

wherein a, f, h, T, A, U and W, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as described above.

In a further preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (27), (28), (29), (30) or (31), or according to formula (36):

wherein Nuc is as defined above.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ is OH. In this embodiment it is further preferred that sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (35):

wherein Nuc is as defined above.

Also when Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), (35) or (36), it is preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Enzyme

The process according to the invention comprises the step of contacting a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety with a sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc in the presence of, more particularly under the action of, a glycosyltransferase, wherein the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from a Q-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, in order to provide a modified glycoprotein. A β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase is herein also referred to as a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme, or β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, or GalNAcT.

β-(1,4)-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (β-(1,4)-GalNAcTs) are known in the art. Typically, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from uridine diphosphate-GalNAc (UDP-GalNAc, also referred to as GalNAc-UDP) to a terminal GlcNAc moiety of a glycoprotein glycan, wherein C1 of the GalNAc moiety is attached to C4 of the GlcNAc moiety via a β-1,4-O-glycosidic bond. As described in more detail above, the GlcNAc moiety in a glycan according to formula (1) wherein b is 1, i.e. the GlcNAc moiety in a glycan consisting of a fucosylated GlcNAc, is herein also considered a terminal GlcNAc moiety.

In the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT catalyzes the transfer of sugar-derivative Su(A) from a sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc to a terminal GlcNAc moiety of a glycoprotein glycan to provide a modified glycoprotein, wherein Su(A) is according to formula (6), Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3), the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety is according to formula (1) or (2), and the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (4) or (5), as described above. In this process, C₁ of the Su(A) moiety is attached to C₄ of the GlcNAc moiety via a β-1,4-O-glycosidic bond.

Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is or is derived from an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme, i.e. is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT that originates from invertebrate animal species. The β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme can be, or can be derived from, any invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme known by a person skilled in the art. Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from the phylum of Nematoda, preferably of the class of Chromadorea or Secernentea, or from the phylum of Arthropoda, preferably of the class of Insecta. Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis remanei, Caenorhabditis briggsae, Ascaris suum, Trichoplusia ni, Drosophila melanogaster, Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa, Cerapachys biroi, Zootermopsis nevadensis, Camponotus floridanus, Crassostrea gigas or Danaus plexippus, preferably from Caenorhabditis elegans, Ascaris suum, Trichoplusia ni, or Drosophila melanogaster. More preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from Caenorhabditis elegans, Ascaris suum or Trichoplusia ni. In a further preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from Ascaris suum. In another further preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from Trichoplusia ni. In another further preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from Caenorhabditis elegans.

Caenorhabditis elegans is herein also referred to as Ce, Ascaris suum as As, Trichoplusia ni as Tn and Drosophila melanogaster as Dm.

Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention has at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-5 and 15-23, more preferably to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-5. In other words, preferably the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention has at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 23, more preferably to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5, even more preferably to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4, even more preferably to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4, and most preferably to SEQ ID NO: 4.

Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is or is derived from any of the naturally occurring or wild type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzymes selected from the group consisting of Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as CeGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 2), Ascaris suum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as AsGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 3), Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as TnGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 4), Drosophila melanogaster β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as DmGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 5), Caenorhabditis remanei β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 15), Caenorhabditis briggsae β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 16), Wuchereria bancrofti β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 17), Loa loa β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 18), Cerapachys biroi β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 19), Zootermopsis nevadensis β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 20), Camponotus floridanus β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 21), Crassostrea gigas 0-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 22) and Danaus plexippus β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 23).

In preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is or is derived from any of the naturally occurring or wild type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzymes selected from the group consisting of Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as CeGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 2), Ascaris suum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as AsGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 3), Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as TnGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 4) and Drosophila melanogaster β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as DmGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 5).

In another preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is, or is derived from, any of the naturally occurring or wild type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzymes selected from the group consisting of Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as CeGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 2), Ascaris suum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as AsGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as TnGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 4).

In another preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is, or is derived from, any of the naturally occurring or wild type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzymes selected from the group consisting of Ascaris suum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as AsGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as TnGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 4).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is or is derived from Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT denominated herein as TnGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 4).

In another preferred embodiment the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from an invertebrate species of the phylum Nematode, preferably of the class Chromadorea, preferably of the order Rhabditida, preferably of the family Rhabditidae, preferably of the genus Caenorhabditis. Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention has at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%. 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity to a sequence of the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 15 and 16. More preferably, said invertebrate species is of Caenorhabditis Elegans. Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention has at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.

In another preferred embodiment the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from an invertebrate species of the phylum Nematode, preferably of the class Secementea, preferably of the order Ascaridida, preferably of the family Ascarididae, preferably of the genus Ascaris. More preferably, said invertebrate species is of Ascaris Sum. Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention has at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity to a sequence of the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3.

In another preferred embodiment the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from an invertebrate species of the phylum Anthropoda, preferably of the class Insecta, preferably of the order Lepidoptera, preferably of the family Noctuidae, preferably of the genus Trichoplusia. More preferably, said invertebrate species is of Trichoplusia ni. Trichoplusia ni may sometimes also be referred to as Phytometra brassicae, Plusia innata or cabbage looper. Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention has at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%. 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity to a sequence of the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4.

In another preferred embodiment the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention is a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that originates from an invertebrate species of the phylum Anthropoda, preferably of the class Insecta, preferably of the order Diptera, preferably of the family Drosophilidae, preferably of the genus Drosophila. More preferably, said invertebrate species is of Drosophila melanogaster. Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention has at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%. 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity to a sequence of the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5.

“Derived from” a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is to be understood herein as a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme having an amino acid sequence that is altered from a naturally occurring β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme by substituting, inserting, deleting or adding one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or more amino acids, respectively. A β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme that is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is herein also referred to as a derived β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme or a modified β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme or a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT mutant enzyme or a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT mutant.

Derived enzymes are known in the art and include enzymes which have undergone conventional and standard modification of the amino acid sequence, such as removal of the transmembrane domain, inclusion of a tag, such as a solubility and/or purification tag as mentioned herein. Such procedures that lead to an enzyme having a modified amino acid sequence are well-known in the art, and are covered by the process according to the present invention.

In one embodiment, the derived enzyme, i.e. having less than 100% sequence identity to the naturally occurring β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzymes mentioned herein, preferably have enzyme activity that is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or preferably at least 80% or 90% or at least 100% of the enzyme activity of the naturally occurring β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme. Herein, activity is conveniently measured as efficacy in incorporating a (modified) GalNAc residue onto the terminal GlcNAc residue of a glycoprotein.

The enzyme is not a galactosyltranferase. In one embodiment, the enzyme is not an enzyme catogerized as E.C. 2.4.1.38 or as E.C. 2.4.1.133, preferably not as E.C. 2.4.1.22, as E.C. 2.4.1.38, as E.C. 2.4.1.90 or as E.C. 2.4.1.133.

In one embodiment, the enzyme is enzyme catogerized as E.C. 2.4.1.41, as E.C. 2.4.1.92, as E.C. 2.4.1.174 or as E.C. 2.4.1.244, preferably as E.C. 2.4.1.92 or as E.C. 2.4.1.244.

Preferably, said derived β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is modified by adding additional N- or C-terminal amino acids or chemical moieties or by deleting N- or C-terminal amino acids to increase stability, solubility, activity and/or ease of purification.

Preferably the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is modified by deleting the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain and transmembrane domain, which is denominated herein as a truncated enzyme. Deletion of these domains is known in the art to result in an enzyme that shows an increased solubility in aqueous solutions.

For instance, CeGalNAcT(30-383) is to be understood herein as a truncated Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by the amino acids on position 30-383 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Similarly, AsGalNAcT(30-383) is to be understood herein as a truncated Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by the amino acids on position 30-383 of SEQ ID NO: 3, TnGalNAcT(33-421) is to be understood herein as a truncated Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by the amino acids on position 33-421 of SEQ ID NO: 4, and DmGalNAcT(47-403) is to be understood herein as a truncated Drosophila melanogaster β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by the amino acids on position 47-403 of SEQ ID NO: 5.

Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme used in the process of the invention has at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably at least 100% sequence identity to any of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9, more preferably of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8, even more preferably of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8, and even more preferably SEQ ID NO: 8.

A β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme wherein one or more amino acid has been substituted, added or deleted is herein also referred to as a derived β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme. Preferably, the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is modified by deleting the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain and transmembrane domain, and by substituting one or more amino acids. A substitution of one or more amino acids is herein also referred to as a mutation. An enzyme comprising one or more substituted amino acids is also referred to as a mutant enzyme.

In the process according to the invention, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme or truncated β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme, it is preferred that the enzyme further comprises one or more mutations. Preferred mutations include substitution of the isoleucine (Ile, also referred to as I) at position 257 by leucine (Leu, also referred to as L), methionine (Met, also referred to as M) or alanine (Ala, also referred to as A). Preferred mutations also include substitution of the methionine (Met, also referred to as M) at position 312 by histidine (His, also referred to as H). Consequently, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from CeGalNAcT or CeGalNAcT(30-383) it is preferred that the enzyme comprises a I257L, I257M or a I257A mutation, and/or a M312H mutation.

It should be noted that the numbering of amino acid position is herein based on the numbering of amino acid position in the wild-type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme. When a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is e.g. a truncated enzyme, the number used herein to indicate e.g. the position of an amino acid substitution corresponds to the numbering of amino acid position in the corresponding wild-type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme.

As an example, in wild-type CeGalNAcT (SEQ ID NO: 2) an isoleucine (Ile, I) is present on amino acid position 257. In CeGalNAcT(I257L) the isoleucine amino acid at position 257 is substituted by a leucine amino acid (Leu, L). As described above, CeGalNAcT(30-383) is herein to be understood as a truncated CeGalNAcT enzyme consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by the amino acids on position 30-383 of SEQ ID NO: 2, whereas CeGalNAcT(30-383) itself is represented by SEQ ID NO: 6. In CeGalNAcT(30-383; I257L), the number “257” in I257L indicates that it is the I amino acid on position 257 in the corresponding wild-type CeGalNAcT (i.e. number 257 of SEQ ID NO:2 that is substituted with an L amino acid. The isoleucine amino acid on position 257 SEQ ID NO:2 is represented by the isoleucine amino acid on position 228 of SEQ ID NO:6.

Preferred truncated Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT mutant enzymes include CeGalNAcT(30-383; I257L) (SEQ ID NO: 10), CeGalNAcT(30-383; I257M) (SEQ ID NO: 11), CeGalNAcT(30-383; I257A) (SEQ ID NO: 12) and CeGalNAcT(30-383; M312H) (SEQ ID NO: 13).

In the process according to the invention, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme or truncated Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme, it is preferred that the enzyme further comprises one or more mutations. Preferred mutations include substitution of the tryptophan (Trp, also referred to as W) on position 336 by phenylalanine (Phe, also referred to as F), histidine (His, also referred to as H) or valine (Val, also referred to as V). Consequently, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421), it is preferred that the enzyme comprises a W336F, W336H or W336V mutation. Preferred mutations of TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421) also include substitution of the glutamic acid (Glu, also referred to as E) on position 339 by alanine (Ala, also referred to as A), glycine (Gly, also referred to as G), aspartic acid (Asp, also referred to as D) or serine (Ser, also referred to as S). Consequently, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421), it is preferred that the enzyme comprises a E339A, E339G, E339D or E339S mutation. More preferably, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421), both the 336 and the 339 position are mutated as described above. Consequently, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421) it is preferred that the enzyme comprises a W336F, W336H or W336V mutation and a E339A, E339G, E339D or E339S mutation.

Preferred mutations of TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421) also include substitution of the isoleucine (Ile, also referred to as I) on position 311 by a tyrosine (Tyr, also referred to as Y). Consequently, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421) it is preferred that the enzyme comprises a I311Y mutation.

When the glycosyltransferase is derived from TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421) and comprises a I311Y mutation, the enzyme may further comprise a mutation on the 336 position as described above and/or a mutation on the 339 position as described above. Consequently, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from TnGalNAcT or TnGalNAcT(33-421) comprising a I311Y mutation, the enzyme may further comprise a W336F, W336H or W336V mutation, and/or a E339A, E339G, E339D or E339S mutation.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is a Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme selected from the group consisting of TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336F) (SEQ ID NO: 25), TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H) (SEQ ID NO: 26), TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336V) (SEQ ID NO: 27), TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339A) (SEQ ID NO: 28), TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339G) (SEQ ID NO: 29), TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339D) (SEQ ID NO: 30) and TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339S) (SEQ ID NO: 31).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is a Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme selected from the group consisting of TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H, E339A) (SEQ ID NO: 32), TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H, E339D) (SEQ ID NO: 33 and TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H, E339S) (SEQ ID NO: 34).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y) (SEQ ID NO: 35).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is a Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme selected from the group consisting of TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, W336F) (SEQ ID NO: 36), TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, W336H) (SEQ ID NO: 37), TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, W336V) (SEQ ID NO: 38), TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, E339A) (SEQ ID NO: 39), TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, E339G) (SEQ ID NO: 40), TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, E339D) (SEQ ID NO: 41) and TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, E339S) (SEQ ID NO: 42).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is a Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme selected from the group consisting of TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, W336H, E339A) (SEQ ID NO: 43), TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, W336H, E339D) (SEQ ID NO: 44) and TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y, W336H, E339S) (SEQ ID NO: 45).

In the process according to the invention, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme or truncated Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme, it is preferred that the enzyme further comprises one or more mutations. Preferred mutations include substitution of tryptophan (Trp, also referred to as W) on position 282 by histidine (His, also referred to as H), and/or substitution of glutamic acid (Glu, also referred to as E) on position 285 by aspartic acid (Asp, also referred to as D), and/or substitution of isoleucine (Ile, also referred to as I) on position 257 by tyrosine (Tyr, also referred to as Y). Consequently, when the glycosyltransferase is derived from AsGalNAcT or AsGalNAcT(30-383) it is preferred that the enzyme comprises a W282H mutation, an E285D mutation and/or I257Y mutation.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is a Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT selected from the group consisting of AsGalNAcT(30-383; W282H) (SEQ ID NO: 46) and AsGalNAcT(30-383; E285D) (SEQ ID NO: 47).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT AsGalNAcT(30-383; I257Y) (SEQ ID NO: 48).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT selected from the group consisting of AsGalNAcT(30-383; I257Y, W282H) and AsGalNAcT(30-383; I257Y, E285D).

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycosyltransferase that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme as defined herein comprises a sequence encoding a tag for ease of purification. Preferably, said tag is selected from, but is not limited to, the group consisting of a FLAG-tag, poly(His)-tag, HA-tag, Myc-tag, SUMO-tag, GST-tag, MBP-tag or CBP-tag, more preferably said tag is a 6×His tag. Other preferred tags to be incorporated in the enzyme are solubility tags, such as an AFV-tag, a SlyD-tag, a Tsf-tag, a SUMO-tag, a Bla-tag, a MBP-tag and a GST-tag. In a further preferred embodiment, said tag or tags is/are covalently linked to the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme at the C-terminus of the enzyme. In another further preferred embodiment, said tag is covalently linked to the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme at the N-terminus of the enzyme.

When the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is derived from C. elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, the His-tagged β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is preferably CeGalNAcT(30-383)-His (SEQ ID NO: 14).

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, when the 3-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, the His-tagged β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, His-TnGalNAcT(33-421) (SEQ ID NO: 49).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, when the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, the His-tagged β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336F) (SEQ ID NO: 50), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H) (SEQ ID NO: 51, His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336V) (SEQ ID NO: 52), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; 339A) (SEQ ID NO: 53), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339G) (SEQ ID NO: 54), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339D) (SEQ ID NO: 55), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339S) (SEQ ID NO: 56), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H,E339A) (SEQ ID NO: 57), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H,E339D) (SEQ ID NO: 58) or His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H,E339S) (SEQ ID NO: 59).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, when the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, the His-tagged β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y) SEQ ID NO: 60.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, when the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, the His-tagged β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,W336F)(SEQ ID NO: 61), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,W336H) (SEQ ID NO: 62), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,W336V) (SEQ ID NO: 63), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,E339A) (SEQ ID NO: 64), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,E339G) (SEQ ID NO: 65), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,E339D) (SEQ ID NO: 66), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,E339S) (SEQ ID NO: 67), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,W336H,E339A) (SEQ ID NO: 68), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,W336H,E339D) (SEQ ID NO: 69) or His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y,W336H,E339S) (SEQ ID NO: 70).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, when the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, the His-tagged β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, His-AsGalNAcT(30-383) (SEQ ID NO: 71).

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, when the β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, the His-tagged β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzyme is, or is derived from, His-AsGalNAcT(30-383; W282H) (SEQ ID NO: 72), His-AsGalNAcT(30-383; E285D) (SEQ ID NO: 73) or His-AsGalNAcT(30-383; I257Y) (SEQ ID NO: 74).

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-23 and SEQ ID NO: 25-74.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-23. In other words, in a preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process according to the invention is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 23.

Herein, the term “derived from” comprises e.g. truncated enzymes, mutant enzymes and enzymes comprising a tag for ease of purification, and these modifications are described in more detail above. The term “derived from” also comprises enzymes comprising a combination of the modifications described in more detail above.

In another preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process according to the invention has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-23, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 23.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-9. In other words, in a preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process according to the invention is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9.

In another preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process according to the invention has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the 3-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25-45 and SEQ ID NO: 50-70. In other words, in a preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process according to the invention is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 59, SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO: 61, SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69 and SEQ ID NO: 70.

In another preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process according to the invention has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25-45 and SEQ ID NO: 50-70, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 59, SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO: 61, SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69 and SEQ ID NO: 70.

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the 3-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46-49 and SEQ ID NO: 71-74. In other words, in a preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process according to the invention is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73 and SEQ ID NO: 74.

In another preferred embodiment, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process according to the invention has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46-49 and SEQ ID NO: 71-74, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73 and SEQ ID NO: 74.

In the process according the invention, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3), or preferred embodiments thereof, as described in more detail above. R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein W, h, a, f, T, A and U, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above. Preferred Glycosyltransferases when R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃. In this embodiment, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3a), as defined above.

When Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3a), or preferred embodiments of (3a) as described above, in a preferred embodiment of the process the glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT is, or is derived from, a wild-type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, preferably an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT. In another preferred embodiment of the process, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT. In a further preferred embodiment, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (CeGalNAcT), Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (AsGalNAcT) or Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (TnGalNAcT). β-(1,4)-GalNAcTs that are, or are derived from, (CeGalNAcT), (AsGalNAcT) or (TnGalNAcT) are described in more detail above.

When R¹⁴ in the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is —NHC(O)CH₃, it is particularly preferred that the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-9, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9. More preferably, when R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, even more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. Most preferably the β-(1,4)-N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, when R¹⁴ in the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is —NHC(O)CH₃, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-9, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9. More preferably, when R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the β-(1,4)-N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, even more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. Most preferably the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (CeGalNAcT).

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the CeGalNAcT is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the CeGalNAcT used in the process is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the CeGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the CeGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (TnGalNAcT).

In a further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the TnGalNAcT is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the TnGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the TnGalNAcT used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 59.

In another preferred embodiment, the TnGalNAcT used in the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 59.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (AsGalNAcT).

In this embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, it is further preferred that the AsGalNAcT is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the AsGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the AsGalNAcT used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72 and SEQ ID NO: 73.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃, the AsGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72 and SEQ ID NO: 73.

In the here described preferred embodiments of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃ and the glycosyltransferase as described above, it is further preferred that sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (15), (16), (17) or (18) as defined above, wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃; or according to formula (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (65), (66), (67), (68) or (69) as defined above, wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃; or according to formula (27) as defined above. In these particularly preferred embodiments it is further preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Preferred Glycosyltransferases when R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A

In another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A. In this embodiment, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3b), as defined above.

When Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3b), or preferred embodiments of (3b) as described above, in a preferred embodiment of the process the glycosyltransferase that is or is derived from a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT is or is derived from a wild-type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, preferably an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT. In another preferred embodiment of the process, the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT. In a further preferred embodiment, the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (CeGalNAcT), Ascaris sum (3-(1,4)-GalNAcT (AsGalNAcT) or Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (TnGalNAcT). 0-(1,4)-GalNAcTs that are or are derived from (CeGalNAcT), (AsGalNAcT) or (TnGalNAcT) are described in more detail above.

When R¹⁴ in the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, it is particularly preferred that the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-9, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9. More preferably, when R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, even more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. Most preferably the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, when R¹⁴ in the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-9, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9. More preferably, when R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, even more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. Most preferably the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (CeGalNAcT).

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the CeGalNAcT is, or is derived from, SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the CeGalNAcT used in the process is, or is derived from, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the CeGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the CeGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (TnGalNAcT).

In a further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the TnGalNAcT is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the TnGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the TnGalNAcT used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 59.

In another preferred embodiment, the TnGalNAcT used in the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 59.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (AsGalNAcT).

In this embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, it is further preferred that the AsGalNAcT is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the AsGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the AsGalNAcT used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72 and SEQ ID NO: 73.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A, the AsGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72 and SEQ ID NO: 73.

In the here described preferred embodiments of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A and the glycosyltransferase as described above, it is further preferred that sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (15), (16), (17) or (18) as defined above, wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A; or according to formula (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (65), (66), (67), (68) or (69) as defined above, wherein R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A; or according to formula (28), (29), (30) or (31) as defined above. In these particularly preferred embodiments it is further preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Preferred Glycosyltransferases when R¹⁴ is —OH

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ is —OH. In this embodiment, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3c), as defined above.

When Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3c), or preferred embodiments of (3c) as described above, in a preferred embodiment of the process the glycosyltransferase is derived from a wild-type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, preferably an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT. In another preferred embodiment of the process, the glycosyltransferase is derived from an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT. In a further preferred embodiment, the glycosyltransferase is derived from Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (CeGalNAcT), Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (AsGalNAcT) or Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (TnGalNAcT). β-(1,4)-GalNAcTs that are derived from (CeGalNAcT), (AsGalNAcT) or (TnGalNAcT) are described in more detail above.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, the glycosyltransferase is derived from Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (CeGalNAcT).

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, the glycosyltransferase is derived from Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (TnGalNAcT).

In a further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, the TnGalNAcT is, or is derived from, SEQ ID NO: 35 or SEQ ID NO: 60.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, the TnGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 35 or SEQ ID NO: 60.

In another preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, the TnGalNAcT used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 61, SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69 and SEQ ID NO: 70.

In another preferred embodiment, the TnGalNAcT used in the process wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 61, SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69 and SEQ ID NO: 70.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, the glycosyltransferase is derived from Ascaris sum 3-(1,4)-GalNAcT (AsGalNAcT).

In this embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, it is further preferred that the AsGalNAcT is, or is derived from, SEQ ID NO: 48 or SEQ ID NO: 74.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —OH, the AsGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 48 or SEQ ID NO: 74.

In the here described preferred embodiments of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —OH and the glycosyltransferase as described above, it is further preferred that sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (15), (16), (17) or (18) as defined above, wherein R¹⁴ is —OH; or according to formula (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (65), (66), (67), (68) or (69) as defined above, wherein R¹⁴ is —OH; or according to formula (35) as defined above. In these particularly preferred embodiments it is further preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Preferred Glycosyltransferases when R¹⁴ is —N₃

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, R¹⁴ is —N₃. In this embodiment, sugar derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3d), as defined above.

When Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3d), or preferred embodiments of (3d) as described above, in a preferred embodiment of the process the glycosyltransferase that is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-GalNAcT is, or is derived from, a wild-type β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, preferably an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT. In another preferred embodiment of the process, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, an invertebrate β-(1,4)-GalNAcT. In a further preferred embodiment, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (CeGalNAcT), Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (AsGalNAcT) or Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (TnGalNAcT). β-(1,4)-GalNAcTs that are, or are derived from, (CeGalNAcT), (AsGalNAcT) or (TnGalNAcT) are described in more detail above.

When R¹⁴ in the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is —N₃, it is particularly preferred that the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-9, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9. More preferably, when R¹⁴ is —N₃, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, even more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. Most preferably the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process is, or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, when R¹⁴ in the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is —N₃, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-9, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9. More preferably, when R¹⁴ is —N₃, the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, even more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. Most preferably the β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from Caenorhabditis elegans β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (CeGalNAcT).

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the CeGalNAcT is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the CeGalNAcT used in the process is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the CeGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the CeGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 14.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, Trichoplusia ni β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (TnGalNAcT).

In a further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the TnGalNAcT is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the TnGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the TnGalNAcT used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 59.

In another preferred embodiment, the TnGalNAcT used in the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 59.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the glycosyltransferase is or is derived from Ascaris sum β-(1,4)-GalNAcT (AsGalNAcT).

In this embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, it is further preferred that the AsGalNAcT is or is derived from SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the AsGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the AsGalNAcT used in the process is, or is derived from, a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72 and SEQ ID NO: 73.

In another further preferred embodiment of the process wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, the AsGalNAcT used in the process has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85% 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72 and SEQ ID NO: 73.

In the here described preferred embodiments of the process according to the invention wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃ and the glycosyltransferase as described above, it is further preferred that sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (15), (16), (17) or (18) as defined above, wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃; or according to formula (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (65), (66), (67), (68) or (69) as defined above, wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃; or according to formula (36) as defined above. In these particularly preferred embodiments it is further preferred that Nuc is UDP.

Enzymes

In one aspect, the invention concerns the enzyme as defined herein, i.e. glycosyltransferases that are, or are derived from, β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, in particular the glycosyltransferases that are derived from β-(1,4)-GalNAcT, i.e. derived β-(1,4)-GalNAcT enzymes. In one embodiment, the enzyme is derived from an invertebrate species. In one embodiment, the enzymes according to this aspect are in isolated form. The enzymes and preferred embodiments thereof are further defined above in the context of the process according to the invention, which equally applies to the enzyme itself, according to the present aspect.

In one embodiment, the enzyme according to this aspect of the invention as derived from a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, preferably derived from a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-23 and SEQ ID NO: 25-74, more preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10-14 and SEQ ID NO: 25-74, most preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10-13, SEQ ID NO: 25-48, SEQ ID NO: 50-70 and SEQ ID NO: 72-74. The enzymes according to this embodiment are typically in isolated form.

In one embodiment, the enzyme according to this aspect of the invention concerns β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases having at least 40% sequence identity, preferably at least 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-23 and SEQ ID NO: 25-74. The enzymes according to this embodiment are typically in isolated form. Preferably, the invention concerns β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases having at least 40% sequence identity, preferably at least 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10-14 and SEQ ID NO: 25-74, most preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10-13, SEQ ID NO: 25-48, SEQ ID NO: 50-70 and SEQ ID NO: 72-74.

In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme according to this aspect of the invention concerns β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases having at least 40% sequence identity, preferably at least 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6-14, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14, preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10-13, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 13.

In another preferred embodiment, the enzyme according to this aspect of the invention concerns β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase having at least 40% sequence identity, preferably at least 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25-45 and SEQ ID NO: 50-70, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 59, SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO: 61, SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69 and SEQ ID NO: 70.

In another preferred embodiment, the enzyme according to this aspect of the invention concerns β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase having at least 40% sequence identity, preferably at least 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or preferably 100% sequence identity, to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46-48 and SEQ ID NO: 72-74, i.e. from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73 and SEQ ID NO: 74.

The invention also pertains to the use of the enzyme according to the invention, as defined hereinabove, in a process for modification of a glycoprotein, preferably in the process according to the invention. The process comprises contacting a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety, with a sugar-derivative nucleotide in the presence of the enzyme. In a preferred embodiment, the glycoprotein is as defined herein, most preferably a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (1) or (2) as further defined herein. In a preferred embodiment, the sugar-derivative nucleotide is a sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc according to formula (3) as further defined herein.

Modified Glycoprotein

The present invention further relates to a modified glycoprotein obtainable by the process according to the invention for the modification of a glycoprotein. More in particular, the invention relates to a glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (4) or (5):

wherein: b is 0 or 1; d is 0 or 1; e is 0 or 1; G is a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched oligosaccharide comprising 2 to 20 sugar moieties; and Su(A) is according to formula (6):

wherein R¹⁴, Z, Y, U, T, A, g, f and a are as defined above for (3).

Preferred embodiments of R¹⁴, Z, Y, U, T, A, g, f and a in (6) are as described above in more detail for (3) and preferred embodiments of (3) such as e.g. (3a), (3b), (3c) and (3d).

In the modified glycoprotein according to the invention, C1 of the Su(A) moiety is attached to C4 of the GlcNAc moiety via a β-1,4-O-glycosidic bond.

The modified glycoprotein according to the invention may comprise more than one glycan according to formula (4) or (5). When this is the case, the two or more glycans may differ from each other. The glycoprotein may also comprise one or more additional glycans that do not comprise a Su(A) moiety.

In a preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein comprises a glycan according to formula (4), wherein b is 0. In another preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein comprises a glycan according to formula (4), wherein b is 1.

In another preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein comprises a glycan according to formula (5), wherein b is 0. In another preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein comprises a glycan according to formula (5), wherein b is 1. In a glycan according to formula (5), G represents a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched oligosaccharide comprising 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 10, even more preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, and most preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 sugar moieties. In glycan (5) it is preferred that when d is 0 then e is 1, and when e is 0 then d is 1. More preferably, in glycan (5) d is 1, and even more preferably d is 1 and e is 1. Sugar moieties that may be present in a glycan are known to a person skilled in the art, and include e.g. glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), fucose (Fuc), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) or sialic acid and xylose (Xyl). When the glycan is according to formula (5), it is further preferred that the glycan is according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42):

wherein b is 0 or 1; and Su(A) is according to formula (6) as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42). In a further preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38) or (39), more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38) or (39). Most preferably the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan according to formula (4) or (38), more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (4) or (38).

The modified glycoprotein according to the invention is preferably according to formula (43), (44) or (45):

wherein: b, d, e and G, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above; Su(A) is according to formula (6) as defined above; y is independently an integer in the range of 1 to 24; and Pr is a protein.

The modified glycoprotein may comprise one or more glycans (4) or (5) (y is 1 to 24). Preferably y is an integer in the range of 1 to 12, more preferably an integer in the range of 1 to 10. More preferably, y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, and yet more preferably y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. Even more preferably, y is 1, 2, 3 or 4. When y is 2 or more, the glycans may differ from each other. The modified glycoprotein may also comprise a combination of one or more glycans (4) and one or more glycans (5). As was described above, the glycoprotein may further comprise one or more glycans not having a Su(A) moiety.

When the modified glycoprotein according to the invention is according to formula (43), (44) or (45), it is also preferred that the glycoprotein comprises a glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42) as described above, more preferably a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38) or (39) and even more preferably according to formula (4) or (38). Most preferably the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety is an N-linked glycan according to formula (4) or (38).

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety is an antibody, more preferably an antibody according to formula (43), (44) or (45), wherein the protein (Pr) is an antibody (Ab), or more specifically Pr is the polypeptide part of an antibody. Also when the glycoprotein to be modified is an antibody and the antibody comprises more than one glycan (y is 2 or more), the glycans may differ from each other. The antibody may further comprise one or more glycans not having a Su(A) moiety. Also when the modified glycoprotein is an antibody, it is preferred that the modified antibody comprises a glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42) as defined above, more preferably according to formula (4), (37), (38) or (39), even more preferably according to formula (4) or (38). In this embodiment it is further preferred that the antibody comprises an N-linked glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (4), (37), (38) or (39), and most preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (4) or (38).

When the modified glycoprotein is an antibody, it is preferred that y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, more preferably y is 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8, even more preferably y is 1, 2 or 4, and most preferably y is 1 or 2.

As was defined above, said antibody may be a whole antibody, but also an antibody fragment. When the antibody is a whole antibody, said antibody preferably comprises one or more, more preferably one, glycan on each heavy chain. Said whole antibody thus preferably comprises 2 or more, preferably 2, 4, 6 or 8 of said glycans, more preferably 2 or 4, and most preferably 2 glycans. In other words, when said antibody is a whole antibody, y is preferably 2, 4, 6 or 8, more preferably y is 2 or 4, and most preferably y is 2. When the antibody is an antibody fragment, it is preferred that y is 1, 2, 3 or 4, and more preferably y is 1 or 2.

In a preferred embodiment, said antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Preferably, said antibody is selected from the group consisting of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM antibodies. More preferably, said antibody is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 antibody, and most preferably said antibody is an IgG1 antibody.

In the modified glycoprotein according to the invention, R¹⁴ in Su(A) according to formula (6) is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein W, h, a, f, T, A and U are as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of modified glycoprotein according to the invention, R¹⁴ in Su(A) according to formula (6) is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein W, h, a, f, T, A and U are as defined above.

Most preferably R¹⁴ in Su(A) according to formula (6) is —NHAc.

In a further preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, more preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), wherein R¹⁴ in Su(A) (6) is —OH. In this embodiment it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, more preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), wherein R¹⁴ in Su(A) (6) is —N₃. In this embodiment it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, more preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), wherein R¹⁴ in Su(A) (6) is —NHC(O)CH₃. In this embodiment it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment, the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, more preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), wherein R¹⁴ in Su(A) (6) is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein W, h, U, f, T, a and A, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as described in more detail above. In this embodiment it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, more preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein R¹⁴ in Su(A) (6) is —OH. In this embodiment it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, more preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein R¹⁴ in Su(A) (6) is —N₃. In this embodiment it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, more preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein R¹⁴ in Su(A) (6) is —NHC(O)CH₃. In this embodiment it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, more preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein R¹⁴ in Su(A) (6) is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A. In this embodiment it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), more preferably a glycan, even more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (46), (47), (48) or (49):

wherein a, f, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, A, U and T, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above for (15), (16), (17) and (18).

In these embodiments wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (46), (47), (48) or (49), in a further preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —OH. In another further preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —N₃. In another further preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃. In another further preferred embodiment, R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein W, h, U, f, T, a and A, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as described in more detail above. Also in these embodiments it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), more preferably a glycan, even more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (70) or (71), preferably according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56) or (57):

wherein R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above for (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (65), (66), (67), (68) and (69).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), more preferably a glycan, even more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (72), (73) or (74):

wherein R¹⁴ and preferred embodiments thereof, are as defined above for (72), (73) and (74).

In a further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (37), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (70), (71), (72), (73) or (74), preferably according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56) or (57). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (38), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (70), (71), (72), (73) or (74), preferably according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56) or (57). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (39), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (70), (71), (72), (73) or (74), preferably according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56) or (57). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (40), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (70), (71), (72), (73) or (74), preferably according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56) or (57). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (41), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (70), (71), (72), (73) or (74), preferably according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56) or (57). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (42), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (70), (71), (72), (73) or (74), preferably according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56) or (57).

In these embodiments wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (70), (71), (72), (73) or (74), preferably according to formula (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56) or (57), in a further preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —OH. In another further preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —N₃. In another further preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)CH₃. In another further preferred embodiment R¹⁴ is —NHC(O)-(W)_(h)-(U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein W, h, U, f, T, a and A, and preferred embodiments thereof, are as described in more detail above. Also in these embodiments it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), more preferably a glycan, even more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (58), (59), (60), (61) or (62):

In a further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (38), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (58), (59), (60), (61) or (62). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (39), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (58), (59), (60), (61) or (62). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (40), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (58), (59), (60), (61) or (62). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (41), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (58), (59), (60), (61) or (62). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (42), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (58), (59), (60), (61) or (62).

In these embodiments wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (58), (59), (60), (61) or (62) it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (4) or (5), more preferably a glycan, even more preferably an N-linked glycan according to formula (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (63) or (64):

In a further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (38), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (63) or (64). In another further preferred embodiment the modified glycoprotein according to the invention comprises a glycan, preferably an N-linked glycan, according to formula (39), wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (63) or (64).

In these embodiments wherein Su(A) (6) is according to formula (63) or (64) it is preferred that the modified glycoprotein is according to formula (43), (44) or (45).

The invention also pertains to the use of the modified glycoprotein according to the invention, as defined hereinabove, in a process for preparing a bioconjugate, preferably the bioconjugate according to the invention. The process is preferably for preparing an antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC). The process comprises contacting modified glycoprotein with a linker-conjugate. In a preferred embodiment, the linker-conjugate is as defined herein. In a preferred embodiment, the bioconjugate is a bioconjugate according to formula (75), (76) or (77), as further defined herein below.

Bioconjugate

The present invention further relates to a bioconjugate obtainable by conjugating a linker-conjugate to the modified glycoprotein according to the invention. Linker-conjugates are known in the art as one of the reactants in a bioconjugation reaction, wherein a glycoprotein, such as a modified glycoprotein according to the invention, is the other reactant. A linker-conjugate is herein defined as a compound wherein a target molecule is covalently connected to a reactive group Q¹, via a linker. Reactive group Q¹ is capable of reacting with functional group A present on the modified glycoprotein according to the invention. A linker-conjugate may comprise more than one reactive groups Q¹ and/or more than one target molecules. Suitable linker-conjugates include those disclosed in WO 2014/065661 and WO 2016/053107, which are both incorporated herein by reference.

Bioconjugation reactions are known in the field of antibody-conjugates such as antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs), wherein they are used to prepare conjugates of an antibody with a target molecule, typically a cytotoxin. In such a bioconjugation reaction, the modified glycoprotein according to the invention is coupled to or conjugated to the linker-conjugate by virtue of a reaction between functional group A present on the modified glycoprotein and a reactive group Q¹ present on the linker-conjugate. The bioconjugate according to the invention is preferably an antibody-conjugate, wherein an antibody is conjugated to a target molecule, most preferably such as antibody-drug-conjugate, wherein an antibody is conjugated to a drug, typically a cytotoxin.

More in particular, the invention relates to a bioconjugate according to formula (75), (76) or (77):

wherein: Pr is a protein y is independently as defined above for (43); b, d, e and G are independently as defined above for (5); CG is a connecting group that connects Su to Sp or D; Sp is a spacer; D is a target molecule; j is independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably j is 1; k is independently an integer in the range of 1 to 10, preferably k is 1, 2, 3 or 4, most preferably k is 1; m is 0 or 1, preferably m is 1. Su is according to formula (78):

wherein R¹⁴, Z, Y, U, T, g, f and a are as defined above for (3), and Su is connected via C₁ to C₄ of the GlcNAc moiety via a β-1,4-O-glycosidic bond and to CG via Z, Y, U or T.

Preferred embodiments of Pr and y in (75), (76) or (77) are as described above in more detail for (43), (44) and (45). In a preferred embodiment, the glycoprotein is an antibody. The bioconjugate, in particular the antibody, may comprises more than one functionalized glycan (y is 2 or more), the glycans may differ from each other. The antibody may further comprise one or more glycans not having a Su-(CG-(Sp)_(l)-(D)_(k))_(j) moiety. It is further preferred that the functionalized glycan is an N-linked glycan. When the bioconjugate according to the invention is an antibody-conjugate, it is preferred that y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, more preferably y is 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8, even more preferably y is 1, 2 or 4, and most preferably y is 1 or 2.

As defined above, said antibody may be a whole antibody, but also an antibody fragment. When the antibody is a whole antibody, said antibody preferably comprises one or more, more preferably one, glycan on each heavy chain. Said whole antibody thus preferably comprises 2 or more, preferably 2, 4, 6 or 8 of said functionalized glycans, more preferably 2 or 4, and most preferably 2 functionalized glycans. In other words, when said antibody is a whole antibody, y is preferably 2, 4, 6 or 8, more preferably y is 2 or 4, and most preferably y is 2. When the antibody is an antibody fragment, it is preferred that y is 1, 2, 3 or 4, and more preferably y is 1 or 2.

In a preferred embodiment, said antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Preferably, said antibody is selected from the group consisting of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM antibodies. More preferably, said antibody is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 antibody, and most preferably said antibody is an IgG1 antibody.

Preferred embodiments of the glycan chain, in particular of b, d, e and G, in (75), (76) or (77) are as described above in more detail for (4) and (5) and preferred embodiments thereof, such as e.g. (37), (38), (39), (40), (41) or (42).

Preferred embodiments of R¹⁴, Z, Y, U, T, g, f and a in (78) are as described above in more detail for (3) and preferred embodiments of (3) such as e.g. (3a), (3b), (3c) and (3d). Preferred embodiments for Su according to formula (78) correspond to Su(A) according to any one of (46) to (64) and (70) to (74), and preferred embodiments thereof, as described above in more detail for (6), albeit with A being reacted with Q¹ to form CG.

In the bioconjugate according to the invention, R¹⁴ in Su according to formula (78) is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein W, h, a, f, T, A and U are as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of modified glycoprotein according to the invention, R¹⁴ in Su according to formula (78) is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein W, h, a, f, T, A and U are as defined above.

Most preferably R¹⁴ in Su according to formula (78) is —NHAc.

D is a target molecule. Target molecules are herein defined as molecular structures possessing a desired property that is imparted onto the biomolecule upon conjugation. Target molecule D is preferably selected from the group consisting of active substances, reporter molecules, polymers, solid surfaces, hydrogels, nanoparticles, microparticles and biomolecules. Most preferably, target molecule D is an active substance.

The term “active substance” herein relates to a pharmacological and/or biological substance, i.e. a substance that is biologically and/or pharmaceutically active, for example a drug, a prodrug, a diagnostic agent, a protein, a peptide, a polypeptide, a peptide tag, an amino acid, a glycan, a lipid, a vitamin, a steroid, a nucleotide, a nucleoside, a polynucleotide, RNA or DNA. Examples of peptide tags include cell-penetrating peptides like human lactoferrin or polyarginine. An example of a glycan is oligomannose. An example of an amino acid is lysine. When the target molecule is an active substance, the active substance is preferably selected from the group consisting of drugs and prodrugs. More preferably, the active substance is selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically active compounds, in particular low to medium molecular weight compounds (e.g. about 200 to about 2500 Da, preferably about 300 to about 1750 Da). In a further preferred embodiment, the active substance is selected from the group consisting of cytotoxins, antiviral agents, antibacterials agents, peptides and oligonucleotides. Examples of cytotoxins include colchicine, vinca alkaloids, anthracyclines, camptothecins, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, taxanes, calicheamycins, tubulysins, irinotecans, an inhibitory peptide, amanitin, deBouganin, duocarmycins, maytansines, auristatins or pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs).

The term “reporter molecule” herein refers to a molecule whose presence is readily detected, for example a diagnostic agent, a dye, a fluorophore, a radioactive isotope label, a contrast agent, a magnetic resonance imaging agent or a mass label. A wide variety of fluorophores, also referred to as fluorescent probes, is known to a person skilled in the art. Several fluorophores are described in more detail in e.g. G. T. Hermanson, “Bioconjugate Techniques”, Elsevier, 3^(rd) Ed. 2013, Chapter 10: “Fluorescent probes”, p. 395-463, incorporated by reference. Examples of a fluorophore include all kinds of Alexa Fluor (e.g. Alexa Fluor 555), cyanine dyes (e.g. Cy3 or Cy5) and cyanine dye derivatives, coumarin derivatives, fluorescein and fluorescein derivatives, rhodamine and rhodamine derivatives, boron dipyrromethene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, naphthalimide derivatives, phycobiliprotein derivatives (e.g. allophycocyanin), chromomycin, lanthanide chelates and quantum dot nanocrystals. Examples of a radioactive isotope label include ^(99m)Tc, ¹¹¹In, ^(114m)In, ¹¹⁵In, ¹⁸F, ¹⁴C, ⁶⁴Cu, ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ²¹²Bi, ⁸⁸Y, ⁹⁰Y, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁸⁶Rh, ¹⁸⁸Rh, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, and ¹⁰B, which is optionally connected via a chelating moiety such as e.g. DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic anhydride), DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′N″,N′″-tetraacetic acid), NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane N,N′N″-triacetic acid), TETA (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N′,N″,N′″-tetraacetic acid), DTTA (N¹-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-diethylenetriamine-N¹,N²,N³,N³-tetraacetic acid), deferoxamine or DFA (N′-[5-[[4-[[5-(acetylhydroxyamino)pentyl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutyl]hydroxy-amino]pentyl]-N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxybutanediamide) or HYNIC (hydrazino-nicotinamide). Isotopic labelling techniques are known to a person skilled in the art, and are described in more detail in e.g. G. T. Hermanson, “Bioconjugate Techniques”, Elsevier, 3^(rd) Ed. 2013, Chapter 12: “Isotopic labelling techniques”, p. 507-534, incorporated by reference.

Polymers suitable for use as a target molecule D in the compound according to the invention are known to a person skilled in the art, and several examples are described in more detail in e.g. G. T. Hermanson, “Bioconjugate Techniques”, Elsevier, 3^(rd) Ed. 2013, Chapter 18: “PEGylation and synthetic polymer modification”, p. 787-838, incorporated by reference. When target molecule D is a polymer, target molecule D is preferably independently selected from the group consisting of a poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG), a polyethylene oxide (PEO), a polypropylene glycol (PPG), a polypropylene oxide (PPO), a 1,x-diaminoalkane polymer (wherein x is the number of carbon atoms in the alkane, and preferably x is an integer in the range of 2 to 200, preferably 2 to 10), a (poly)ethylene glycol diamine (e.g. 1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxaoctane and equivalents comprising longer ethylene glycol chains), a polysaccharide (e.g. dextran), a poly(amino acid) (e.g. a poly(L-lysine)) and a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(2-oxazoline)s (PAOx).

Solid surfaces suitable for use as a target molecule D are known to a person skilled in the art. A solid surface is for example a functional surface (e.g. a surface of a nanomaterial, a carbon nanotube, a fullerene or a virus capsid), a metal surface (e.g. a titanium, gold, silver, copper, nickel, tin, rhodium or zinc surface), a metal alloy surface (wherein the alloy is from e.g. aluminium, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, mercury, nickel, potassium, plutonium, rhodium, scandium, silver, sodium, titanium, tin, uranium, zinc and/or zirconium), a polymer surface (wherein the polymer is e.g. polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(dimethylsiloxane) or polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylamide), a glass surface, a silicone surface, a chromatography support surface (wherein the chromatography support is e.g. a silica support, an agarose support, a cellulose support or an alumina support), etc. When target molecule D is a solid surface, it is preferred that D is independently selected from the group consisting of a functional surface or a polymer surface.

Hydrogels are known to the person skilled in the art. Hydrogels are water-swollen networks, formed by cross-links between the polymeric constituents. See for example A. S. Hoffman, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2012, 64, 18, incorporated by reference. When the target molecule is a hydrogel, it is preferred that the hydrogel is composed of poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG) as the polymeric basis.

Micro- and nanoparticles suitable for use as a target molecule D are known to a person skilled in the art. A variety of suitable micro- and nanoparticles is described in e.g. G. T. Hermanson, “Bioconjugate Techniques”, Elsevier, 3^(rd) Ed. 2013, Chapter 14: “Microparticles and nanoparticles”, p. 549-587, incorporated by reference. The micro- or nanoparticles may be of any shape, e.g. spheres, rods, tubes, cubes, triangles and cones. Preferably, the micro- or nanoparticles are of a spherical shape. The chemical composition of the micro- and nanoparticles may vary. When target molecule D is a micro- or a nanoparticle, the micro- or nanoparticle is for example a polymeric micro- or nanoparticle, a silica micro- or nanoparticle or a gold micro- or nanoparticle. When the particle is a polymeric micro- or nanoparticle, the polymer is preferably polystyrene or a copolymer of styrene (e.g. a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene, butadiene, acrylate and/or vinyltoluene), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyltoluene, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) or poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate/2-hydroxyethylmetacrylae) [poly(EDGMA/IEMA)]. Optionally, the surface of the micro- or nanoparticles is modified, e.g. with detergents, by graft polymerization of secondary polymers or by covalent attachment of another polymer or of spacer moieties, etc.

Target molecule D may also be a biomolecule. When target molecule D is a biomolecule, it is preferred that the biomolecule is selected from the group consisting of proteins (including glycoproteins and antibodies), polypeptides, peptides, glycans, lipids, nucleic acids, oligonucleotides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, enzymes, hormones, amino acids and monosaccharides.

CG is a connecting group. The term “connecting group” herein refers to the structural element connecting one part of a compound and another part of the same compound. Typically, a bioconjugate is prepared via reaction of a reactive group Q¹ present in a linker-conjugate with a functional group A present in the modified glycoprotein according to the invention. CG is the moiety formed upon reaction of reactive group Q¹ with functional moiety A. As will be understood by the person skilled in the art, the nature of CG depends on the type of organic reaction that was used to establish the connection between the modified glycoprotein according to the invention and the linker-conjugate. In other words, the nature of CG depends on the nature of reactive group Q¹ on the linker-conjugate and the nature of functional group A in the biomolecule. Since there is a large number of different chemical reactions available for establishing the connection between the modified glycoprotein and the linker-conjugate, consequently there is a large number of possibilities for CG. Several examples of suitable combinations of F¹ and Q¹, and of connecting group Z³ that will be present in a bioconjugate when a linker-conjugate comprising Q¹ is conjugated to a biomolecule comprising a complementary functional group F¹, are shown in FIG. 5 .

When A is for example a thiol group, complementary groups Q¹ include N-maleimidyl groups and alkenyl groups, and the corresponding connecting groups CG are as shown in FIG. 5 . When A is a thiol group, complementary groups Q¹ also include allenamide groups.

When A is for example an amino group, complementary groups Q¹ include ketone groups, activated ester groups and azido groups, and the corresponding connecting groups CG are as shown in FIG. 5 .

When A is for example a ketone group, complementary groups Q¹ include (O-alkyl)hydroxylamino groups and hydrazine groups, and the corresponding connecting groups CG are as shown in FIG. 5 .

When A is for example an alkynyl group, complementary groups Q¹ include azido groups, and the corresponding connecting group CG is as shown in FIG. 5 .

When A is for example an alkene group, complementary groups Q¹ include thiols, dienes or heterodienes groups which are reactive in a Diels-Alder cycloaddition and tetrazinyl groups, and the corresponding connecting group CG may be thioethers, Diels-Alder adducts (cyclohexenes or analogues thereof) or dihydropyridazine, respectively.

When A is for example an azido group, complementary groups Q¹ include alkynyl groups, and the corresponding connecting group CG is as shown in FIG. 5 .

When A is for example a cyclopropenyl group, a trans-cyclooctene group or a cyclooctyne group, complementary groups Q¹ include tetrazinyl groups, and the corresponding connecting group Z³ is as shown in FIG. 5 . In these particular cases, Z³ is only an intermediate structure and will expell N₂, thereby generating a dihydropyridazine (from the reaction with alkene) or pyridazine (from the reaction with alkyne).

When A is for example a halogen (X), complementary groups Q¹ include thiols and the corresponding connecting groups CG may be a thioether.

When A is for example —OS(O)₂R⁵, complementary groups Q¹ include hydroxyl and (primary and secondary) amine groups, and the corresponding connecting groups CG may be an ether or a (secondary or tertiary) amine groups.

When A is for example an allenyl group, complementary groups Q¹ include thiols and the corresponding connecting groups CG may be a thioether, typically a methyl-substituted thioether.

When A is for example —SC(O)R⁸ or —SC(V)OR⁸, A typically first reacts to a thiol, and complementary groups Q¹ include N-maleimidyl groups, alkenyl groups allenamide groups. Corresponding connecting groups CG may be as shown in FIG. 5 for A is thiol.

Additional suitable combinations of A and Q¹, and the nature of resulting connecting group CG are known to a person skilled in the art, and are e.g. described in G. T. Hermanson, “Bioconjugate Techniques”, Elsevier, 3^(rd) Ed. 2013 (ISBN:978-0-12-382239-0), in particular in Chapter 3, pages 229-258, incorporated by reference. A list of complementary reactive groups suitable for bioconjugation processes is disclosed in Table 3.1, pages 230-232 of Chapter 3 of G. T. Hermanson, “Bioconjugate Techniques”, Elsevier, 3^(rd) Ed. 2013 (ISBN:978-0-12-382239-0), and the content of this Table is expressly incorporated by reference herein.

Sp is a spacer or a linker. A linker is herein defined as a moiety that connects two or more elements of a compound. For example in a bioconjugate, a biomolecule and a target molecule are covalently connected to each other via a linker; in a linker-conjugate a reactive group Q¹ is covalently connected to a target molecule via a linker. Any linker known in the art to be suitable for use in bioconjugates, in particular antibody-conjugates can be used as Sp. Such spacer-moieties are known to a person skilled in the art. Examples of suitable spacer-moieties include (poly)ethylene glycol diamines (e.g. 1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxaoctane or equivalents comprising longer ethylene glycol chains), polyethylene glycol chains or polyethylene oxide chains, polypropylene glycol chains or polypropylene oxide chains and 1,x-diaminoalkanes wherein x is the number of carbon atoms in the alkane. Another class of suitable spacer-moieties comprises cleavable spacer-moieties, or cleavable linkers. Cleavable linkers are well known in the art. For example Shabat et al., Soft Matter 2012, 6, 1073, incorporated by reference herein, discloses cleavable linkers comprising self-immolative moieties that are released upon a biological trigger, e.g. an enzymatic cleavage or an oxidation event. Some examples of suitable cleavable linkers are disulfide-linkers that are cleaved upon reduction, peptide-linkers that are cleaved upon specific recognition by a protease, e.g. cathepsin, plasmin or metalloproteases, or glycoside-based linkers that are cleaved upon specific recognition by a glycosidase, e.g. glucoronidase, or nitroaromatics that are reduced in oxygen-poor, hypoxic areas. Herein, suitable cleavable spacer-moieties also include spacer moieties comprising a specific, cleavable, sequence of amino acids. Examples include e.g. spacer-moieties comprising a Val-Ala (valine-alanine) or Val-Cit (valine-citrulline) moiety.

In a preferred embodiment, Sp is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C₁-C₂₀₀ alkylene groups, C₂-C₂₀₀ alkenylene groups, C₂-C₂₀₀ alkynylene groups, C₃-C₂₀₀ cycloalkylene groups, C₅-C₂₀₀ cycloalkenylene groups, C₅-C₂₀₀ cycloalkynylene groups, C₇-C₂₀₀ alkylarylene groups, C₇-C₂₀₀ arylalkylene groups, C₈-C₂₀₀ arylalkenylene groups and C₉-C₂₀₀ arylalkynylene groups, the alkylene groups, alkenylene groups, alkynylene groups, cycloalkylene groups, cycloalkenylene groups, cycloalkynylene groups, alkylarylene groups, arylalkylene groups, arylalkenylene groups and arylalkynylene groups being optionally substituted and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S and NR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl groups and C₃-C₂₄ cycloalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups and cycloalkyl groups being optionally substituted. When the alkylene groups, alkenylene groups, alkynylene groups, cycloalkylene groups, cycloalkenylene groups, cycloalkynylene groups, alkylarylene groups, arylalkylene groups, arylalkenylene groups and arylalkynylene groups are interrupted by one or more heteroatoms as defined above, it is preferred that said groups are interrupted by one or more O-atoms, and/or by one or more S—S groups.

More preferably, Sp is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C₁-C₁₀₀ alkylene groups, C₂-C₁₀₀ alkenylene groups, C₂-C₁₀₀ alkynylene groups, C₃-C₁₀₀ cycloalkylene groups, C₅-C₁₀₀ cycloalkenylene groups, C₅-C₁₀₀ cycloalkynylene groups, C₇-C₁₀₀ alkylarylene groups, C₇-C₁₀₀ arylalkylene groups, C₅-C₁₀₀ arylalkenylene groups and C₉-C₁₀₀ arylalkynylene groups, the alkylene groups, alkenylene groups, alkynylene groups, cycloalkylene groups, cycloalkenylene groups, cycloalkynylene groups, alkylarylene groups, arylalkylene groups, arylalkenylene groups and arylalkynylene groups being optionally substituted and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S and NR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl groups and C₃-C₂₄ cycloalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups and cycloalkyl groups being optionally substituted.

Even more preferably, Sp is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C₁-C₅₀ alkylene groups, C₂-C₅₀ alkenylene groups, C₂-C₅₀ alkynylene groups, C₃-C₅₀ cycloalkylene groups, C₅-C₅₀ cycloalkenylene groups, C₅-C₅₀ cycloalkynylene groups, C₇-C₅₀ alkylarylene groups, C₇-C₅₀ arylalkylene groups, C₅-C₅₀ arylalkenylene groups and C₉-C₅₀ arylalkynylene groups, the alkylene groups, alkenylene groups, alkynylene groups, cycloalkylene groups, cycloalkenylene groups, cycloalkynylene groups, alkylarylene groups, arylalkylene groups, arylalkenylene groups and arylalkynylene groups being optionally substituted and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S and NR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl groups and C₃-C₂₄ cycloalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups and cycloalkyl groups being optionally substituted.

Yet even more preferably, Sp is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C₁-C₂₀ alkylene groups, C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene groups, C₂-C₂₀ alkynylene groups, C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkylene groups, C₅-C₂₀ cycloalkenylene groups, C₅-C₂₀ cycloalkynylene groups, C₇-C₂₀ alkylarylene groups, C₇-C₂₀ arylalkylene groups, C₅-C₂₀ arylalkenylene groups and C₉-C₂₀ arylalkynylene groups, the alkylene groups, alkenylene groups, alkynylene groups, cycloalkylene groups, cycloalkenylene groups, cycloalkynylene groups, alkylarylene groups, arylalkylene groups, arylalkenylene groups and arylalkynylene groups being optionally substituted and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S and NR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl groups and C₃-C₂₄ cycloalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups and cycloalkyl groups being optionally substituted.

In these preferred embodiments it is further preferred that the alkylene groups, alkenylene groups, alkynylene groups, cycloalkylene groups, cycloalkenylene groups, cycloalkynylene groups, alkylarylene groups, arylalkylene groups, arylalkenylene groups and arylalkynylene groups are unsubstituted and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S and NR¹⁹, preferably O, wherein R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₄ alkyl groups, preferably hydrogen or methyl.

Most preferably, Sp is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C₁-C₂₀ alkylene groups, the alkylene groups being optionally substituted and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S and NR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl groups, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl groups and C₃-C₂₄ cycloalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups and cycloalkyl groups being optionally substituted. In this embodiment, it is further preferred that the alkylene groups are unsubstituted and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S and NR¹⁹, preferably O and/or S—S, wherein R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₄ alkyl groups, preferably hydrogen or methyl.

Particularly preferred Sp moieties include —(CH₂)_(n)—, —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—, —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—, —(CH₂CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—, —(OCH₂CH₂CH₂)_(n)—, —(CH₂CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₂CH₂CH₂— and —CH₂CH₂CH₂(O—CH₂CH₂CH₂)_(n)—, wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 50, preferably in the range of 1 to 40, more preferably in the range of 1 to 30, even more preferably in the range of 1 to 20 and yet even more preferably in the range of 1 to 15. More preferably n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, more preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, even more preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, yet even more preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Selection and Design of GalNAc-Transferases

Four specific sequences were selected for initial evaluation, in particular Uniprot accession number: Q9GUM2 (C. elegans; identified herein as SEQ ID NO: 2), U1MEV9 (A. suum; identified herein as SEQ ID NO: 3), Q6J4T9 (T. ni; identified herein as SEQ ID NO: 4) and Q7KN92 (D. melanogaster; identified herein as SEQ ID NO: 5). The polypeptides were constructed based on deletion of the predicted cytoplasmatic domain and transmembrane domain. These polypeptides comprise the predicted C. elegans (CeGalNAcT [30-383] identified by SEQ ID NO: 6), A. suum (AsGalNAcT [30-383] identified by SEQ ID NO: 7), T. ni (TnGalNAcT [33-421] identified by SEQ ID NO: 8) and D. melanogaster (DmGalNAcT [47-403] identified by SEQ ID NO: 9). In addition, polypeptide variants containing an N-terminal His-tag were constructed for AsGalNAcT [30-383] (His-AsGalNAcT [30-383] identified by SEQ ID NO: 71) and TnGalNAcT [33-421] (His-TnGalNAcT [33-421] identified by SEQ ID NO: 49).

Example 2. Design of T. ni GalNAcT Mutants and A. suum GalNAcT Mutants

Mutants of TnGalNAcT and AsGalNAcT were designed based on the crystal structure for bovine β(1,4)-Gal-T1 in complex with UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine (PDB entry 1OQM) and the β(1,4)-Gal-T1(Y289L) mutant reported by Qasba et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277: 20833-20839, incorporated by reference). Mutants of TnGalNAcT and AsGalNAcT were designed based on a sequence alignment of TnGalNAcT and AsGalNAcT with bovine β(1,4)Gal-T1. The corresponding amino acid residues between these proteins are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Numbers of corresponding amino acids in different GalNAcT/GalT species TnGalNAcT AsGalNAcT Bovine β(l,4)-Gal-T1 I311 I257 Y289 W336 W282 W314 E339 E285 E317

Example 3. Site Directed Mutagenesis of his-TnGalNAcT(33-421) Mutants

A pET15b-vector containing the codon optimized sequence encoding residues 33-421 of TnGalNAcT (identified by SEQ ID NO: 8) between the NdeI-BamHI sites was obtained from Genscript, resulting in His-TnGalNAcT(33-421) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 49). The TnGalNacT mutant genes were amplified from the above described construct using a set of overlapping primers by a linear amplification PCR. The overlapping primer sets used for each mutant are shown in table 2. For the construction of His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336F) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 50) the DNA fragment was amplified with a pair of primers defined herein as SEQ ID NO: 79 and SEQ ID NO: 80. For the construction of His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336H) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 51) the DNA fragment was amplified with a pair of primers defined herein as SEQ ID NO: 81 and SEQ ID NO: 82. For the construction of His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336V) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 52) the DNA fragment was amplified with a pair of primers defined herein as SEQ ID NO: 83 and SEQ ID NO: 84. For the construction of His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339A) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 53) the DNA fragment was amplified with a pair of primers defined herein as SEQ ID NO: 85 and SEQ ID NO: 86. For the construction of His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339G) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 54) the DNA fragment was amplified with a pair of primers defined herein as SEQ ID NO: 87 and SEQ ID NO: 88. For the construction of His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339D) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 55) the DNA fragment was amplified with a pair of primers defined herein as SEQ TD NO: 89 and SEQ ID NO: 90. For the construction of His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; I311Y) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 60) the DNA fragment was amplified with a pair of primers defined herein as SEQ ID NO: 91 and SEQ ID NO: 92. After the PCR amplification, the reaction mixture was treated with DpnI to digest template DNA followed by transformation into NEB 10-beta competent cells (obtained from New England Biolabs). DNA was isolated and sequences were confirmed by sequence analysis for the mutants His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336F) (identified by SEQ TD NO: 50), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336V) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 52), His-TnGaTNAcT(33-421; E339A) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 53) and His-TnGaNAcT(33-421; I311Y) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 60).

TABLE 2 Sequence identification of the primers used. Codons corresponding to the mutated amino acid are in bold. SEQ ID NO Name Nucleotide sequence SEQ ID W336F, fwd C TCG AAT AAA TAT TGG GGT TTT NO: 79 GGC GGT GAA GAT GAC GAT ATG SEQ ID W336F, rev CAT ATC GTC ATC TTC ACC GCC AAA NO: 80 ACC CCA ATA TTT ATT CGA G SEQ ID W336H, fwd CG AAT AAA TAT TGG GGT CAC GGC NO: 81 GGT GAA GAT GAC G SEQ ID W336H, rev C GTC ATC TTC ACC GCC GTG ACC NO: 82 CCA ATA TTT ATT CG SEQ ID W336V, fwd CG AAT AAA TAT TGG GGT GTG GGC NO: 83 GGT GAA GAT GAC G SEQ ID W336V, rev C GTC ATC TTC ACC GCC CAC ACC NO: 84 CCA ATA TTT ATT CG SEQ ID E339A, fwd G GGT TGG GGC GGT GCG GAT GAC NO: 85 GAT ATG AGC SEQ ID E339A, rev GCT CAT ATC GTC ATC CGC ACC NO: 86 GCC CCA ACC C SEQ ID E339G, fwd G GGT TGG GGC GGT GGA GAT GAC NO: 87 GAT ATG AG SEQ ID E339G, rev CT CAT ATC GTC ATC TCC ACC GCC NO: 88 CCA ACC C SEQ ID E339D, fwd G GGT TGG GGC GGT GAT GAT GAC NO: 89 GAT ATG AGC SEQ ID E339D, rev GCT CAT ATC GTC ATC ATC ACC NO: 90 GCC CCA ACC C SEQ ID I311Y, fwd G CCG TAC GAA GAT TAT TTC GGC NO: 91 GGT GTC TCA G SEQ ID I311Y, rev C TGA GAC ACC GCC GAA ATA ATC NO: 92 TTC GTA CGG C

Example 4. Expression and Refolding of His-TnGalNAcT(33-421), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336F), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336V) and His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339A) in E. coli

His-TnGalNAcT(33-421), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336F), His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; W336V) and His-TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339A) were expressed from the corresponding pET15b-constructs which are obtained as described in Example 3. Expression, inclusion body isolation and refolding was performed according to the reported procedure by Qasba et al. (Prot. Expr. Pur. 2003, 30, 219-76229, incorporated by reference). After refolding, the insoluble protein was removed by centrifugation (10 minutes 8.000×g) followed by filtration through a 0.45 μM-pore diameter filter. The soluble protein was purified and concentrated using a HisTrap HP 5 mL column (GE Healthcare). The column was first washed with buffer A (20 mM Tris buffer, 20 mM imidazole, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.5). Retained protein was eluted with buffer B (20 mM Tris, 500 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole, pH 7.5, 10 mL). Fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE on polyacrylamide gels (12%), and the fractions that contained purified target protein were combined and the buffer was exchanged against 20 mM Tris pH 7.5 and 150 mM NaCl by dialysis performed overnight at 4° C. The purified protein was concentrated to at least 2 mg/mL using an Amicon Ultra-0.5, Ultracel-10 Membrane (Millipore) and stored at −80° C. prior to further use.

Example 5. Transient Expression of GalNAcTs and Mutants in CHO

Proteins were transiently expressed in CHO K1 cells by Evitria (Zurich, Switzerland) at 20 mL scale. The following GalNAcT variants were expressed: CeGalNAcT(30-383) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 6), AsGalNAcT(30-383) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 7), TnGalNAcT(33-421) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 8), DmGalNAcT(47-403) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 9) and TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339A) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 28). In a typical purification experiment, CHO-produced supernatant containing the expressed GalNAcT was dialyzed against 20 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.5. The supernatant (typically 25 mL) was filtered through a 0.45 μM-pore diameter filter and subsequently purified over a cation exchange column (HiTrap SP HP 5 mL column, GE Healthcare), which was equilibrated with 20 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.5 prior to use. Purification was performed on an AKTA Prime chromatography system equipped with an external fraction collector. Samples were loaded from system pump A. The non-bound proteins were eluted from the column by washing the column with 10 column volumes (CV) of 20 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.5. Retained protein was eluted with elution buffer (20 mM Tris, 1 NaCl, pH 7.5; 10 mL). Collected fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE on polyacrylamide gels (12%), and fractions containing the target protein were combined and concentrated using spin filtration to a volume of 0.5 mL. Except for TnGalNAcT(33-421; E339A), the proteins were next purified on a Superdex200 10/300 GL size exclusion chromatography column (GE Healthcare) using an AKTA purifier-10 system (UNICORN v6.3) to obtain the pure monomeric fractions. Fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the fractions containing the monomeric protein were stored at −80° C. prior to further use.

General Protocol for Mass Spectral Analysis of IgG

Prior to mass spectral analysis, IgGs were either treated with DTT, which allows analysis of both light and heavy chain, or treated with Fabricator™ (commercially available from Genovis, Lund, Sweden), which allows analysis of the Fc/2 fragment. For analysis of both light and heavy chain, a solution of 20 μg (modified) IgG was incubated for 5 minutes at 37° C. with 100 mM DTT in a total volume of 4 μL. If present, azide-functionalities are reduced to amines under these conditions. For analysis of the Fc/2 fragment, a solution of 20 μg (modified) IgG was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with Fabricator™ (1.25 U/μL) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 6.6 in a total volume of 10 μL. After reduction or Fabricator-digestion the samples were washed trice with milliQ using an Amicon Ultra-0.5, Ultracel-10 Membrane (Millipore) resulting in a final sample volume of approximately 40 μL. Next, the samples were analyzed by electrospray ionization time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) on a JEOL AccuTOF. Deconvoluted spectra were obtained using Magtran software.

Example 6. Preparation of Trimmed Trastuzumab by Endo S Treatment

Glycan trimming of trastuzumab was performed with endo S from Streptococcus pyogenes (commercially available from Genovis, Lund, Sweden). Thus, trastuzumab (10 mg/mL) was incubated with endo S (40 U/mL) in 25 mM Tris pH 8.0 for approximately 16 hours at 37° C. The deglycosylated IgG was concentrated and washed with 10 mM MnCl2 and 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 using an Amicon Ultra-0.5, Ultracel-10 Membrane (Millipore). After deconvolution of peaks, the mass spectrum showed one peak of the light chain and two peaks of the heavy chain. The two peaks of heavy chain belonged to one major product (49496 Da, 90% of total heavy chain), resulting from core GlcNAc(Fuc) substituted trastuzumab, and a minor product (49351 Da, ±10% of total heavy chain), resulting from trimmed trastuzumab.

Example 7. Glycosyltransfer of the 6-azido-Gal-UDP to Trimmed Trastuzumab Under the Action of Bovine β(1,4)-Gal-T1

Trimmed trastuzumab (10 mg/mL), obtained by endo S treatment of trastuzumab as described above, was incubated with the 6-azido-Gal-UDP (1 mM, commercially available from GlycoHub) and either 0.1 or 0.5 mg/mL bovine β(1,4)Gal-T1 (commercially available from Sigma Aldrich) in 10 mM MnCl₂ and 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 at 30° C. overnight. Mass spectral analysis of the reduced samples indicated no product formation for both concentrations of bovine β(1,4)-Gal-T1 (major heavy chain peak of 49494 Da, 90% of total heavy chain, resulting from core GlcNAc(Fuc) substituted trastuzumab).

Example 8. Glycosyltransfer of the 6-azido-N-acetylgalactosamine-UDP to Trimmed Trastuzumab Under the Action of Bovine β(1,4)-Gal-T1(130-402; Y289L,C342T)

A mutant derived from bovine β(1,4)-Gal-T1 (identified by SEQ ID NO: 1) was used which contained the Y289L and C342T mutations and contains only the catalytic domain (amino acid residues 130-402). This bovine β(1,4)-Gal-T1(130-402; Y289L,C342T) mutant is described by Qasba et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 20833-20839, incorporated by reference) and was expressed, isolated and refolded from inclusion bodies according to the reported procedure by Qasba et al. (Prot. Expr. Pur. 2003, 30, 219-76229, incorporated by reference). Trimmed trastuzumab (10 mg/mL), obtained by endo S treatment of trastuzumab as described above, was incubated with 6-azido-GalNAc-UDP (2.5 mM, commercially available from GlycoHub) and 1 mg/mL β(1,4)-Gal-T1(130-402; Y289L,C342T) in 10 mM MnCl₂ and 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 at 37° C. overnight. Mass spectral analysis of the reduced samples indicated no product formation (major heavy chain peak of 49502 Da, 90% of total heavy chain, resulting from core GlcNAc(Fuc) substituted trastuzumab).

Example 9. Glycosyltransfer of the 6-azido-N-acetylgalactosamine-UDP to Trimmed Trastuzumab Under the Action of GalNAcTs

Incorporation of 6-azidoGalNAc was tested for CeGalNAcT(30-383) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 6), AsGalNAcT(30-383) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 7), TnGalNAcT(33-421) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 8) and DmGalNAcT(47-403) (identified by SEQ ID NO: 9), which were expressed and purified as described in example 5. Trimmed trastuzumab (10 mg/mL), obtained by endo S treatment of trastuzumab as described above, was incubated with 6-azido-GalNAc-UDP (1 mM, commercially available from GlycoHub) in 10 mM MnCl₂ and 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 and either 0.2 or 0.5 mg/mL of one of the above mentioned GalNAcTs.

Mass spectral analysis of the Fabricator™-digested samples indicated no product formation for both concentrations of CeGalNAcT(30-383) and DmGalNAcT(47-403) (major Fc/2 peak of 24139 Da, 90% of total heavy chain, resulting from core GlcNAc(Fuc) substituted trastuzumab), while both AsGalNAcT(30-383) and TnGalNAcT(33-421) showed partial conversion of core GlcNac(Fuc)-substituted trastuzumab (observed mass 24139 Da) into the product (observed mass 24366 Da), resulting from transfer of 6-azido-GalNAc to core GlcNAc(Fuc)-substituted trastuzumab. The obtained conversions are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Conversions (%) of GlcNAc(Fuc) substituted trastuzumab into 6-azido-GalNAc-GlcNAc(Fuc)- substituted trastuzumab by GalNAcTs at various enzyme concentrations. 0.2 mg/mL enzyme 0.5 mg/mL enzyme CeGalNAcT (30-383) 0 0 DmGalNAcT (47-403)  0 0 AsGalNAcT (30-383) 10 30 TnGalNAcT (33-421) 40 60

Example 10. Synthesis of 6-azido-6-deoxy-GalNAc-1-monophosphate 80

The acetylated sugar 79 can be prepared according to the procedure in Wang et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2009, 19, 5433.

To a suspension of the acetylated sugar 79 (4.9 g, 11.9 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL), was added 25% aq. NH₄OH (60 mL). The reaction was allowed to stir at r.t. and the conversion monitored with LCMS. After 4 h, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and stored at −20° C. for 2 d. The solid was then redissolved in 25% aq. NH₄OH (75 mL), stirred at r.t. and after 3 h, MS showed complete conversion. Concentration of the solvent gave the crude product as a yellow solid. A quantitative NMR was taken, showing that 60 wt % was product 80, giving a yield of 3.2 g (83%).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): δ 5.28 (dd, J=7.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=6.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (ddd, J=10.8, 3.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.47 (dd, J=12.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.40 (dd, J=12.8 Hz, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H). LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₈H₁₅N₄O₈P (M-H⁺) 325.06, found 325.30.

Example 11. Synthesis of 6-amino-6-deoxy-GalNAc-1-monophosphate 81

To a solution of azide 80 (5.9 mmol) in H₂O (30 mL) and MeOH (30 mL) was added Pd/C (400 mg) and H2 was bubbled through the reaction mixture for 1 h. The conversion of the reaction was monitored with TLC (7:3 MeOH:MeCN). The reaction mixture was filtered over celite, rinsed thoroughly with MeOH and H₂O and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product 81 in a yield of 1.8 g (99%).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): δ 5.28 (dd, J=7.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=8.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.09-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.08 (m, 2H), 1.85 (s, 3H). LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₈H₁₇N₂O₈P (M-H⁺) 299.06, found 229.29.

Example 12. Synthesis of 6-(2-chloroacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-1-monophosphate 82

Chloroacetic acid succinimidyl ester was prepared according to the procedure in Hosztafi et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 133.

To a solution of the sugar 81 (12 mg, 0.040 mmol) in dry DMF (0.5 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere were added chloroacetic acid succinimidyl ester (9 mg, 0.044 mmol) and Et₃N (6.7 μL, 0.048 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir on at r.t. and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product 82.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): δ 5.42-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.02 (m, 4H), 3.92-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.26 (m, 1H), 1.94 (s, 3H). LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₁₀H₁₈ClN₂O₉P (M-H⁺) 375.68 (100%), 377.03 (30%), found 375.08 (100%), 377.19 (25%).

Example 13. Synthesis of 6-(4-azidobenzamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-1-monophosphate 83

4-Azidobenzoic acid succinimidyl ester was prepared according to the Hartman et al., Chem. Comm., 2012, 48, 4755.

To a solution of the sugar 81 (38 mg, 0.127 mmol) in dry DMF (1.5 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere were added Et₃N (21 μL, 0.152 mmol) and 4-azidobenzoic acid succinimidyl ester (36 mg, 0.139 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. Additional 4-azidobenzoic acid succinimidyl ester (36 mg, 0.139 mmol) and Et₃N (42 uL, 0.304 mmol) were added and the reaction was allowed to stir for 5 d at r.t. Product formation was monitored with TLC and MS. The reaction mixture was concentrated after 6 d to afford the crude product 83.

LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₁₅H₂₀N₅O₉P (M-H⁺) 444.09, found 444.20.

Example 14. Synthesis of 6-(N-2-azido-2,2-difluoroethyl carbamate)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-1-monophosphate 84

2-Azido-2,2-difluoroethanol was prepared according to the procedure described in WO2015/112016.

2-Azido-2,2-difluoroethanol (200 mg, 1.63 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (10 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere, 4-nitrophenylchloroformate (295 mg, 1.46 mmol) and Et₃N (226 μL, 1.63 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h. Next, sugar 81 (122 mg, 0.41 mmol) was dissolved in H₂O (2 mL), Et₃N (113 μL, 0.81 mmol) and DMF (5 mL) were added and the resulting solution was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was allowed to stir at r.t. for 16 h, when TLC and LCMS confirmed full consumption of the sugar 81. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. Purification was performed with ion-exchange chromatography (Q HITRAP, 3×5 mL and 1×15 mL columns). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% B (250 mM NH₄HCO₃) was performed to elute the product and the column was flushed with 100% B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 84 (147 mg, 0.33 mmol, 80%).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): δ 5.17 (dd, J=6.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.24 (m, 2H), 4.07-3.93 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.13 (m, 2H), 1.87 (s, 3H). LRMS (ESI−) caled for C₁₁H₁₈F₂N₅O₁₀P (M-H⁺) 448.07, found 448.14.

Example 15. Synthesis of 6-(N-1-(2-azidoethyl)urea)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-1-mono-phosphate 85

2-Azidoethylamine was prepared according to the procedure described in Zhang et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 6000. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.40-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.81 (m, 2H).

Carbonyldiimidazole (377 mg, 2.32 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (10 mL) and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere. 2-Azidoethylamine (200 mg, 2.32 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (5 mL) and added dropwise to the CDI. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at r.t., followed by heating to 60° C. The sugar 81 was dissolved in H₂O (2 mL) and DMF (5 mL) and added to the reaction. The resulting suspension was stirred for 16 h at 60° C. The formation of the desired product was monitored with LCMS. After stirring for 16 h, H₂O (5 mL) was added, followed by addition of newly activated 2-azidoethylamine in DCM (15 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred again for 16 h at 60° C. and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was then dissolved in MeOH (10 mL) and H₂O (15 mL) and washed with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The aqueous phase was concentrated to afford the crude product, which was purified with ion-exchange chromatography (Q-HITRAP, 3×5 mL and 1×15 mL columns). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% B (250 mM NH₄HCO₃) was performed to elute the product and the columns was flushed with 100% B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 85 (147 mg, 0.33 mmol, 80%). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): δ 5.30 (br s, 1H), 4.13-3.93 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.35-3.10 (m, 5H), 1.92 (s, 3H). LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₁₁H₂₁N₆O₉P (M-H⁺) 411.10, found 411.24.

Example 16. Synthesis of 6-(N-(2-S-acetyl)-mercaptoacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-1-monophosphate 86

The sugar 81 (105 mg, 0.35 mmol) was dissolved in H₂O (1.7 mL) and stirred at r.t. In a separate vial S-acetylthioglycolic acid pentafluorophenyl ester (210 mg, 0.70 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (1.7 mL) and added to the reaction, together with Et₃N (146 μL, 1.05 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at r.t. when LCMS showed full consumption of the sugar 81. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product purified by flash chromatography (6:2:1-4:2:1 EtOAc:MeOH:H₂O) to afford the product 86 (95 mg, 0.23 mmol, 65%). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): δ 5.33 (dd, J=6.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.11-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.63-3.53 (m, 2H), 3.44 (dd, J=14.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.23 (dd, J=14.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H). LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₁₂H₂₁N₂O₁₀PS (M-H⁺) 415.06, found 415.18.

Example 17. Synthesis of 6-(N-2-azidoacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-1-monophosphate 87

Azidoacetic acid (101 mg, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 mL) and EDC (192 mg, 1.0 mmol), NHS (115 mg, 1.0 mmol) and DMAP (4 mg, 0.03 mmol) were added. Next, the sugar 81 (100 mg, 0.33 mmol) was dissolved in H₂O (3 mL), added to the reaction and stirred for 16 h at r.t. The formation of the desired product was monitored with LCMS. Another portion of azidoacetic acid was activated as described above and added to the reaction. After 4 h, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed with ion-exchange chromatography (Q-HITRAP, 3×5 mL and 1×15 mL columns). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% buffer B (250 mM NH₄HCO₃) was performed to elute the product and the column was flushed with 100% buffer B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 87 (100 mg, 0.26 mmol, 79%). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): δ 5.34 (br s, 1H), 4.13-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 3.92-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.48 (dd, J=14.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (dd, J=14.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (s, 3H). LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₁₀H₁₅N₅O₉P (M-H⁺) 382.08, found 382.15.

Example 18. Synthesis of 6-(2-chloroacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-UDP 88

Monophosphate 82 was coupled to UMP according to a procedure described by Baisch et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 1997, 5, 383.

In brief, tributylammonium uridine-5′-monophosphate (31 mg, 0.06 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (0.5 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Carbonyldiimidazole (13 mg, 0.04 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min. Next, dry MeOH (2.5 μL) was added and stirred for 15 min to remove the excess CDI. The leftover MeOH was removed under high vacuum for 15 min. Subsequently, the monophosphate 82 (15 mg, 0.04 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (0.5 mL) and added to the reaction mixture, followed by N-methylimidazole, HCl salt (25 mg, 0.16 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at r.t. for o.n. before concentration in vacuo. The consumption of the monophosphate intermediate was monitored by MS. Purification was performed with ion-exchange chromatography (Q-HITRAP, 1×5 mL column). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% buffer B (250 mM NH₄HCO₃) was performed to elute the product and the column was flushed with 100% buffer B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 88 (1 mg, 1.46 μmol, 4%).

LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₁₉H₂₉ClN₄O₁₇P₂ (M-H⁺) 681.06 (100%), 683.06 (32%), found 681.13 (100%), 683.15 (40%).

Example 19. Synthesis of 6-(4-azidobenzamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-UDP 89

Monophosphate 83 was coupled to UMP according to a procedure described by Baisch et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 1997, 5, 383.

In brief, tributylammonium uridine-5′-monophosphate (77 mg, 0.15 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (1 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Carbonyldiimidazole (41 mg, 0.25 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min. Next, dry MeOH (6.2 μL) was added and stirred for 15 min to remove the excess CDI. The leftover MeOH was removed under high vacuum for 15 min. Subsequently, the monophosphate 83 (56 mg, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (1 mL) and added to the reaction mixture, followed by N-methylimidazole, HCl salt (79 mg, 0.51 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at r.t. for o.n. before concentration in vacuo. The consumption of the monophosphate intermediate was monitored by MS. Purification was performed with ion-exchange chromatography (Q-HITRAP, 3×5 mL columns, 1×15 mL column). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% buffer B (250 mM NH₄HCO₃) was performed to elute the product and the column was flushed with 100% B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 89 (13 mg, 0.017 mmol, 14%).

LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₂₄H₃₁N₇O₁₇P₂ (M-H⁺) 750.12, found 750.33.

Example 20. Synthesis of 6-(N-2-azido-2,2-difluoroethyl carbamate)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-UDP 90

Monophosphate 84 was coupled to UMP according to a procedure described by Baisch et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 1997, 5, 383.

In brief, tributylammonium uridine-5′-monophosphate (200 mg, 0.39 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (3 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Carbonyldiimidazole (106 mg, 0.65 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min. Next, dry MeOH (16 μL) was added and stirred for 15 min to remove the excess CDI. The leftover MeOH was removed under high vacuum for 15 min. Subsequently, the monophosphate 84 (147 mg, 0.33 mmol) was suspended in dry DMF (3 mL) and added to the reaction mixture, followed by N-methylimidazole, HCl salt (204 mg, 1.31 mmol). The consumption of the monophosphate intermediate was monitored by MS. The reaction was allowed to stir at r.t. for 3 d. Another portion of UMP was activated as described above and added to the reaction together with 1 mL H₂O. After stirring for o.n., the reaction went to completion and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Purification was performed with ion-exchange chromatography (Q HITRAP, 3×5 mL columns, 1×15 mL column). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% buffer B (250 mM NH₄HC03) was performed to elute the product and the column was flushed with 100% buffer B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 90 (122 mg, 0.16 mmol, 49%).

LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₂₀H₂₉F₂N₇O₁₈P₂ (M-H⁺) 754.09, found 754.16.

Example 21. Synthesis of 6-(N-1-(2-azidoethyl)urea)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-UDP 91

Monophosphate 85 was coupled to UMP according to a procedure described by Baisch et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 1997, 5, 383.

In brief, tributylammonium uridine-5′-monophosphate (126 mg, 0.25 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (2 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Carbonyldiimidazole (67 mg, 0.41 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min. Next, dry MeOH (10 μL) was added and stirred for 15 min to remove the excess CDI. The leftover MeOH was removed under high vacuum for 15 min. Subsequently, the monophosphate 85 (85 mg, 0.21 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (2 mL) and added to the reaction mixture, followed by N-methylimidazole, HCl salt (129 mg, 0.82 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at r.t. for 2 d before concentration in vacuo. The consumption of the monophosphate intermediate was monitored by MS. Purification was performed with ion-exchange chromatography (Q HITRAP, 3×5 mL columns, 1×15 mL column). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% buffer B (250 mM NH₄HCO₃) was performed to elute the product and the column was flushed with 100% buffer B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 91 (83 mg, 012 mmol, 56%).

LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₂₀H₃₂N₈O₁₇P₂ (M-H⁺) 717.13, found 717.27.

Example 22. Synthesis of 6-(N-(2-S-acetyl)-mercaptoacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-UDP 92

Monophosphate 86 was coupled to UMP according to a procedure described by Baisch et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 1997, 5, 383.

In brief, tributylammonium uridine-5′-monophosphate (139 mg, 0.27 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (2 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Carbonyldiimidazole (74 mg, 0.46 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min. Next, dry MeOH (11 μL) was added and stirred for 15 min to remove the excess CDI. The leftover MeOH was removed under high vacuum for 15 min. Subsequently, the monophosphate 86 (95 mg, 0.27 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (2 mL) and added to the reaction mixture, followed by N-methylimidazole, HCl salt (142 mg, 0.91 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at r.t. for 3 d before concentration in vacuo. The consumption of the monophosphate intermediate was monitored by MS. Purification was performed with flash chromatography (7:2:1-4:2:1 EtOAc:MeOH:H₂O) to afford the product 92 (97 mg, 0.13 mmol, 49%).

LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₂₁H₃₂N₄O₁₈P₂S (M-H⁺) 721.08, found 721.39.

Example 23. Synthesis of 6-(2-azidoacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc-UDP 93

Monophosphate 87 was coupled to UMP according to a procedure described by Baisch et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 1997, 5, 383.

In brief, tributylammonium uridine-5′-monophosphate (191 mg, 0.38 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (3 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Carbonyldiimidazole (102 mg, 0.63 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min. Next, dry MeOH (16 μL) was added and stirred for 15 min to remove the excess CDI. The leftover MeOH was removed under high vacuum for 15 min. Subsequently, the monophosphate 87 (120 mg, 0.31 mmol) was suspended in dry DMF (3 mL) and added to the reaction mixture, followed by N-methylimidazole, HCl salt (195 mg, 1.25 mmol). The consumption of the monophosphate intermediate was monitored by MS. The reaction was allowed to stir at r.t. for 16 h. To dissolve all components in the reaction, 1 mL H₂O was added. After stirring for 3 h, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Purification was performed with ion-exchange chromatography (Q-HITRAP, 3×5 mL columns, 1×15 mL column). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% buffer B (250 mM NH₄HC03) was performed to elute the product and the column was flushed with 100% buffer B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 93 (10 mg, 0.015 mmol, 5%).

LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₁₉H₂₉N₇O₁₇P₂ (M-H⁺) 688.10, found 688.10.

Example 24. Synthesis of 6-amino-6-deoxy-GalNAc-UDP 94

To a solution of 6-azido-GalNAc-UDP (25 mg, 0.04 mmol) in H₂O (0.5 mL) were added DTT (6 mg, 0.04 mmol) and add a few drops of Et₃N. The reaction was stirred at r.t. for 2 h, and followed with LCMS. To speed up the reaction, extra DTT (12 mg, 0.08 mmol) was added, after 1 h the reaction was complete and concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed with ion-exchange chromatography (Q-HITRAP, 1×5 mL column). First binding on the column was achieved via loading with buffer A (10 mM NH₄HCO₃) and the column was rinsed with buffer A. Next, a gradient to 40% buffer B (250 mM NH₄HCO₃) was performed to elute the product and the column was flushed with 100% buffer B to remove remaining byproducts. The fractions containing the product were lyophilized to afford the desired product 94 (12 mg, 0.019 mmol, 51%).

LRMS (ESI−) calcd for C₁₇H₂₈N₄O₁₆P₂ (M-H⁺) 605.09, found 605.11.

Example 25. Preparation of brentuximab-(6-amino-6-deoxy-GalNAc), 95

Bentuximab was trimmed analogues to the trimming of trastuzumab as described in example 6.

Trimmed bentuximab (15 mg/mL) was incubated with 6-amino-6-deoxy-GalNAc-UDP 94 (5 mM) and TnGalNAcT (1.5 mg/mL) in 10 mM MnCl₂ and 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 at 30° C. overnight. A sample of the reaction mixture (2 μL) was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with Fabricator™ (1.25 U/μL) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 6.6 in a total volume of 10 μL. Mass spectrometric analysis of this sample showed full conversion to the product brentuximab-(6-amino-GalNAc) (24307 Da (70%) and 24435 (30%, C-terminal lysine variant)).

Example 26. Preparation of Brentuximab-(6-(2-azidoacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc), 96

Trimmed bentuximab (15 mg/mL) was incubated with 6-(2-azidoacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc 93 (5 mM) and TnGalNAcT (1.5 mg/mL) in 10 mM MnCl₂ and 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 at 30° C. overnight. A sample of the reaction mixture (2 μL) was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with Fabricator™ (1.25 U/μL) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 6.6 in a total volume of 10 μL. Mass spectrometric analysis of this sample showed 70% conversion to the product brentuximab-(6-(2-azidoacetamido)-6-deoxy-GalNAc) (24391 Da (70%) and 24518 (30%, C-terminal lysine variant)). 

1.-15. (canceled)
 16. A glycoprotein comprising a glycan according to formula (4) or (5):

wherein: b is 0 or 1; d is 0 or 1; e is 0 or 1; G is a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched oligosaccharide comprising 2 to 20 sugar moieties; and Su(A) is according to formula (6):

wherein: a is 0 or 1; f is 0 or 1; g is 0 or 1; U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n) or [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q), wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 24; o is an integer in the range of 0 to 12; p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2; and R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH and an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group; T is a C₃-C₁₂ (hetero)arylene group, wherein the (hetero)arylene group is optionally substituted; A is selected from the group consisting of: (a) —N₃ (b) —C(O)R³ wherein R³ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group; (c) (hetero)cycloalkynyl group or a —(CH₂)_(i)C≡C—R⁴ moiety wherein i is 0-10 and R⁴ is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group; (d) —SH (e) —SC(O)R⁸ wherein R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group or phenyl group; (f) —SC(V)OR⁸ wherein V is O or S, and R⁸ is an, optionally substituted, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group or phenyl group; (g) —X wherein X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; (h) —OS(O)₂R⁵ wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₆-C₂₄ aryl groups, C₇-C₂₄ alkylaryl groups and C₇-C₂₄ arylalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups and arylalkyl groups being optionally substituted; (i) R¹² wherein R¹² is selected from the group consisting of, optionally substituted, terminal C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl groups, C₃-C₅ cycloalkenyl groups and C₄-C₈ alkadienyl groups; and (j) R¹³ wherein R¹³ is an optionally substituted terminal C₃-C₂₄ allenyl group; and (k) N(R¹⁷)₂ wherein R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups; Z is CH₂, CF₂ or C(O); or Z is CHOH with the proviso that when Z is CHOH, g is 0, f is 1 and a is 0 or 1; Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N(R¹⁵), N(R¹⁵)C(O), N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵), N(R¹⁵)C(O)O, OC(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂N(R¹⁵) and N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂O, wherein R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups and (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a, U, T and A are as defined above; and R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: a, f, T, A and U are as defined above; h is 0 or 1; and W is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NR¹⁵, NHS(O)₂O and NHS(O)₂NR¹⁵, wherein R¹⁵ is as defined above.
 17. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of: (a) —N₃ (b) —C(O)R³ wherein R³ is an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group; (c) (hetero)cycloalkynyl group or a —(CH₂)_(i)C≡C—R⁴ moiety wherein i is 0-10 and R⁴ is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group; (d) —SH.
 18. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —N₃, —C(O)CH₃, —SH, —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂C≡CH.
 19. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein wherein sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A) is according to formula (15a), (16a), (17a) or (18a):

wherein a, f, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, A, U and T are as defined in claim
 16. 20. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A) is according to formula (19a), (20a), (21a), (22a), (23a), (24a), (25a), (26a), (65a), (66a), (67a), (68a) or (69a):

wherein: R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined in claim 16; and R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and F.
 21. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein wherein R¹⁴ is —N₃, or R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein a, f, h, T, A, U and W are as defined in claim
 16. 22. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A) is according to formula (27a), (28a), (29a), (30a) or (31a), or according to formula (36a):


23. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein R¹⁴ is —OH.
 24. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein R¹⁴ is —NHCOMe.
 25. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A) is according to formula (35a):


26. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein the glycoprotein is an antibody.
 27. The glycoprotein according to claim 16, wherein the glycan is according to formula (5) wherein d is 1 and e is 0; or wherein the glycan is according to formula (5) wherein d is 1, e is 1 and G is a monosaccharide.
 28. The bioconjugate according to formula (75), (76) or (77):

wherein: Pr is a protein y is independently an integer in the range of 1 to 24; CG is a connecting group that connects Su to Sp or D; Sp is a spacer; D is a target molecule; j is independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; k is independently an integer in the range of 1 to 10; m is 0 or 1; b is 0 or 1; d is 0 or 1; e is 0 or 1; G is a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched oligosaccharide comprising 2 to 20 sugar moieties; Su is according to formula (78):

wherein: a is 0 or 1; f is 0 or 1; g is 0 or 1; U is [C(R¹)₂]_(n) or [C(R¹)₂]_(p)—O—[C(R¹)₂C(R¹)₂O]_(o)—[C(R¹)₂]_(q), wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 24; o is an integer in the range of 0 to 12; p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2; and R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH and an optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group; T is a C₃-C₁₂ (hetero)arylene group, wherein the (hetero)arylene group is optionally substituted; Z is CH₂, CF₂ or C(O); or Z is CHOH with the proviso that g is 0, f is 1 and a is 0 or 1; Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N(R¹⁵), N(R¹⁵)C(O), N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵) N(R¹⁵)C(O)O, OC(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂N(R¹⁵) and N(R¹⁵)C(O)N(R¹⁵)S(O)₂O, wherein R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups and (U)_(f)-(T)_(a)-A wherein f, a, U, T and A are as defined above; and R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: a, f, T and U are as defined above; h is 0 or 1; and W is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NR¹⁵, NHS(O)₂O and NHS(O)₂NR¹⁵, wherein R¹⁵ is as defined above, A is selected from the group consisting of: (a) —N₃ (b) —C(O)R³ wherein R³ is an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group; (c) (hetero)cycloalkynyl group or a —(CH₂)_(i)C≡C—R⁴ moiety wherein i is 0-10 and R⁴ is hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group; (d) —SH (e) —SC(O)R₈ wherein R⁸ is an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group or phenyl group; (f) —SC(V)OR⁸ wherein V is O or S, and R⁸ is an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl group or phenyl group; (g) —X wherein X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; (h) —OS(O)₂R⁵ wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₄ alkyl groups, C₆-C₂₄ aryl groups, C₇-C₂₄ alkylaryl groups and C₇-C₂₄ arylalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups and arylalkyl groups being unsubstituted or substituted; (i) R¹² wherein R¹² is selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or optionally substituted terminal C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl groups, C₃-C₅cycloalkenyl groups and C₄-C₈ alkadienyl groups; and (j) R¹³ wherein R¹³ is an unsubstituted or substituted terminal C₃-C₂₄ allenyl group; and (k) N(R¹⁷)₂ wherein R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups; and Su is connected via C1 to C4 of the GlcNAc moiety via a β-1,4-O-glycosidic bond and to CG via Z, Y, U or T.
 29. The bioconjugate according to claim 28, wherein the bioconjugate is according to formula (76) or (77) wherein d is 1 and e is 0; or wherein the bioconjugate is according to formula (76) or (77) wherein d is 1, e is 1 and G is a monosaccharide. 